How We Know · Case 004Scope inflation
What the Mehrabian 7-38-55 weighting did and did not show
The claim: Only 7% of communication is verbal; 93% is nonverbal.
Why care: A memorable formula escaped two narrow experiments about inconsistent feelings and attitudes, then circulated as a universal law. The missing experimental scope is the difference between history and advice.
encyclopedia finding
documented narrow historical proposal with explicit experiment and edition boundaries
If you use this claim
Use 7-38-55 only as the history of a narrow feelings-and-attitudes proposal assembled across two linked experiments.
The original participant roots, cross-study proposal, later qualification, and follow-up evidence are different objects.
BoundaryHistorical evidence through 2026-08-27 about the narrow experiments, cross-study proposal, later qualification, direct rebuttal, and propagation of 7-38-55. This evidence file does not establish a universal law of communication.
The evidence map
How the familiar claim changes under inspection
01 · What was tested
Two separate pairings
One participant group compared words with tone; another compared face with tone.
02 · What was proposed
A cross-study formula
The three weights were assembled across studies; no original experiment tested all three channels together.
03 · What was inflated
A universal 93% slogan
Later circulation documents popularity, not scientific truth, and the exact origin of the .07 coefficient remains unresolved.
Lineage accounting
The units count different things
2original 1967 experimentsTwo different participant groups tested two different channel pairings5participant-data rootsOriginal, direct-rebuttal, and related studies remain separate3zero-credit propagation objectsCirculation documents popularity, not scientific truth1unresolved coefficient derivationReverse engineering does not recover the source of the verbal weight
Shared capture: The two 1967 participant groups are distinct, but their papers share authorship, grants, materials, methods, scales, speakers, citation, and the later cross-study derivation.
Warrant boundary: The fixed three-number formula was proposed across studies; neither original experiment tested verbal, vocal, and facial channels together.
Sentence x-ray
What the selected record actually supports
Read the statement first. Its exact work, edition, span, retrieval, digest, and license chain—plus dependence and calculations—remain one disclosure away.
01support
P1 found tone dominance when listeners inferred attitude from inconsistent isolated-word content and intonation without additional relationship information.
Decoding of inconsistent communications · journal pp.109-110; PDF pp.1-2, abstract and MaterialsDecoding of inconsistent communications · journal p.113; PDF p.5, DiscussionDecoding of inconsistent communications · journal p.113; PDF p.5, DiscussionDecoding of inconsistent communications · journal p.109; PDF p.1, title blockDecoding of inconsistent communications · journal p.109; PDF p.1, footnote 1Inference of attitudes from nonverbal communication in two channels · journal p.248; PDF p.1, title blockDecoding of inconsistent communications · journal p.109; PDF p.1, footnote 1Inference of attitudes from nonverbal communication in two channels · journal p.248; PDF p.1, footnote 1Decoding of inconsistent communications · journal p.110; PDF p.2, MaterialsInference of attitudes from nonverbal communication in two channels · journal p.248; PDF p.1, footnote 1Inference of attitudes from nonverbal communication in two channels · journal p.250; PDF p.3, MaterialsInference of attitudes from nonverbal communication in two channels · journal p.250; PDF p.3, Materials and DesignDecoding of inconsistent communications · journal p.111; PDF p.3, ProcedureDecoding of inconsistent communications · journal p.110; PDF p.2, Method/SubjectsInference of attitudes from nonverbal communication in two channels · journal p.249; PDF p.2, Method/SubjectsDecoding of inconsistent communications · journal p.111; PDF p.3, ProcedureInference of attitudes from nonverbal communication in two channels · journal p.251; PDF p.4, ProcedureDecoding of inconsistent communications · journal p.109; PDF p.1, footnote 1Inference of attitudes from nonverbal communication in two channels · journal p.249; PDF p.2, IntroductionInference of attitudes from nonverbal communication in two channels · journal p.252; PDF p.5, final Discussion paragraph
Trace this statement
- Relation
relation-assertion-p1-tone-dominanceem:dossier-evidence-relation:sha256:6d6472d90f6f91e51d8b1b93e68ba3faac8d19809acb3f84f45ab652e9fdc91c- Proposition
claim-p1-tone-dominanceem:dossier-proposition:sha256:f7006f6c8feef7482d4410618159d18d4c7bbea58741bb9b83ce496b999949d5- Assertion
assertion-p1-tone-dominanceem:dossier-assertion:sha256:ebdd4f1e65eefabd606619a37ddcd27ae5b3dffc51baca7e448fc7462229a108- Lineage
lineage-participant-p1em:dossier-lineage:sha256:e57ceb2324b3adcdf705e9edfcc2c6f35ac41c1a1970042ff60c11e518fc4a89
Typed dependence
edge-p1-p2-author-sociallineage-participant-p1 → lineage-participant-p2em:dossier-evidence-relation:sha256:6834de099bbddb1971a4152021f23eb09f993ef29ebdb0a5a4245e07264354c3accepted_dimension=author; accepted_status=known-shared-program; effect=Albert Mehrabian is common to both papers and P1 acknowledges Susan Ferris; the papers are not independent author programs.edge-p1-p2-grantlineage-participant-p1 → lineage-participant-p2em:dossier-evidence-relation:sha256:359f4e4aea90676246decef3ca6cf9d4ae292b78746bcbfc4893ef76c6555c56accepted_dimension=grant; accepted_status=known-shared-grant-plus-distinct-grants; effect=Both report University of California Grant 2189; their Public Health Service grant identifiers differ. This is shared-program evidence, not shared-participant proof.edge-p1-p2-materiallineage-participant-p1 → lineage-participant-p2em:dossier-evidence-relation:sha256:c382279b1c1ef9891eda2023e795876e008701bd67403dbc8359d22dcbe6f642accepted_dimension=material; accepted_status=related-recorded-attitude-materials-not-identical; effect=Both use prepared female-voice attitude recordings; P2 adds facial photographs and does not establish reuse of P1's recordings.edge-p1-p2-methodlineage-participant-p1 → lineage-participant-p2em:dossier-evidence-relation:sha256:b6e757783497f7b5845ab4acd4fe3753a40add0f466c4923fc0bc3f3ac6ea36baccepted_dimension=method; accepted_status=known-related-crossed-channel-design; effect=Both infer attitude from experimentally crossed channel cues; P1 crosses words and tone, while P2 crosses face and tone.edge-p1-p2-participantlineage-participant-p1 → lineage-participant-p2em:dossier-evidence-relation:sha256:19649b1337d67098f9c7f32979f519aba10c576ab68ba13d1d9bc5da12acc57baccepted_dimension=participant; accepted_status=distinct-reported-groups-overlap-not-disclosed; effect=Count two participant-data roots because the papers report separate samples, while withholding any stronger person-level independence claim because participant identities are unavailable.edge-p1-p2-scalelineage-participant-p1 → lineage-participant-p2em:dossier-evidence-relation:sha256:43451c7b43853f9464e619c2d1954712ae9904a982a3b453d90164c51a6bf42daccepted_dimension=scale; accepted_status=known-shared-liking-construct-different-range; effect=Both operationalize attitude as liking versus disliking, while their displayed scale procedures are not treated as identical instruments.edge-p1-p2-speakerlineage-participant-p1 → lineage-participant-p2em:dossier-evidence-relation:sha256:cc1192ff02caf74fa4729528e86056adbb558c4364a178fc5ae8f148803c9074accepted_dimension=speaker; accepted_status=named-speakers-differ-author-speaker-unresolved; effect=The named speakers do not overlap, but P2 leaves one author-speaker unnamed; speaker independence is therefore not fully closed.edge-p1-p2-stimuluslineage-participant-p1 → lineage-participant-p2em:dossier-evidence-relation:sha256:125be946961666ecbcc9ff8e3edcc9cab8aa0e5a9da80ad4dd5bab5ef9bbc65daccepted_dimension=stimulus; accepted_status=known-overlap-neutral-word; effect=P2 reuses the neutral word maybe, which was one of P1's selected words; the material lineage is partially shared.edge-p2-cites-p1lineage-participant-p2 → lineage-participant-p1em:dossier-evidence-relation:sha256:b82ead3331e2c501f148e5ffcc3b276ff18905299111c296f9cdf828eb89fedaaccepted_dimension=citation; accepted_status=known-explicit-citation; effect=P2 is a declared continuation that cites P1 and later integrates its result; it is not an independent replication of the three-number rule.
02support
P2 found a stronger facial than vocal contribution in a two-channel task using the neutral word maybe and facial photographs.
Inference of attitudes from nonverbal communication in two channels · journal p.250; PDF p.3, MaterialsInference of attitudes from nonverbal communication in two channels · journal p.250; PDF p.3, Materials and DesignInference of attitudes from nonverbal communication in two channels · journal p.251; PDF p.4, ResultsInference of attitudes from nonverbal communication in two channels · journal p.251; PDF p.4, ResultsDecoding of inconsistent communications · journal p.109; PDF p.1, title blockDecoding of inconsistent communications · journal p.109; PDF p.1, footnote 1Inference of attitudes from nonverbal communication in two channels · journal p.248; PDF p.1, title blockDecoding of inconsistent communications · journal p.109; PDF p.1, footnote 1Inference of attitudes from nonverbal communication in two channels · journal p.248; PDF p.1, footnote 1Decoding of inconsistent communications · journal p.110; PDF p.2, MaterialsInference of attitudes from nonverbal communication in two channels · journal p.248; PDF p.1, footnote 1Decoding of inconsistent communications · journal pp.109-110; PDF pp.1-2, abstract and MaterialsDecoding of inconsistent communications · journal p.111; PDF p.3, ProcedureDecoding of inconsistent communications · journal p.110; PDF p.2, Method/SubjectsInference of attitudes from nonverbal communication in two channels · journal p.249; PDF p.2, Method/SubjectsDecoding of inconsistent communications · journal p.111; PDF p.3, ProcedureInference of attitudes from nonverbal communication in two channels · journal p.251; PDF p.4, ProcedureDecoding of inconsistent communications · journal p.109; PDF p.1, footnote 1Inference of attitudes from nonverbal communication in two channels · journal p.249; PDF p.2, IntroductionInference of attitudes from nonverbal communication in two channels · journal p.252; PDF p.5, final Discussion paragraph
Trace this statement
- Relation
relation-assertion-p2-face-toneem:dossier-evidence-relation:sha256:03f67e22bfc7ae16e42e6e385dff61990df59e4c8551e5dde94e90c0e545bff2- Proposition
claim-p2-face-toneem:dossier-proposition:sha256:9d1cdaf30eab0748993f1f21265e953d4f86323e246236e5ced76edcff96ed4e- Assertion
assertion-p2-face-toneem:dossier-assertion:sha256:44d449377d8acd03afde1370fb003c7fc04e5d030c3c2ddfd106cb9f2f28e06a- Lineage
lineage-participant-p2em:dossier-lineage:sha256:c584e06d798d9968c9aad64e38cd1c63ceec9ba7621f6bc04a7fdb26a4746367
Typed dependence
edge-p1-p2-author-sociallineage-participant-p1 → lineage-participant-p2em:dossier-evidence-relation:sha256:6834de099bbddb1971a4152021f23eb09f993ef29ebdb0a5a4245e07264354c3accepted_dimension=author; accepted_status=known-shared-program; effect=Albert Mehrabian is common to both papers and P1 acknowledges Susan Ferris; the papers are not independent author programs.edge-p1-p2-grantlineage-participant-p1 → lineage-participant-p2em:dossier-evidence-relation:sha256:359f4e4aea90676246decef3ca6cf9d4ae292b78746bcbfc4893ef76c6555c56accepted_dimension=grant; accepted_status=known-shared-grant-plus-distinct-grants; effect=Both report University of California Grant 2189; their Public Health Service grant identifiers differ. This is shared-program evidence, not shared-participant proof.edge-p1-p2-materiallineage-participant-p1 → lineage-participant-p2em:dossier-evidence-relation:sha256:c382279b1c1ef9891eda2023e795876e008701bd67403dbc8359d22dcbe6f642accepted_dimension=material; accepted_status=related-recorded-attitude-materials-not-identical; effect=Both use prepared female-voice attitude recordings; P2 adds facial photographs and does not establish reuse of P1's recordings.edge-p1-p2-methodlineage-participant-p1 → lineage-participant-p2em:dossier-evidence-relation:sha256:b6e757783497f7b5845ab4acd4fe3753a40add0f466c4923fc0bc3f3ac6ea36baccepted_dimension=method; accepted_status=known-related-crossed-channel-design; effect=Both infer attitude from experimentally crossed channel cues; P1 crosses words and tone, while P2 crosses face and tone.edge-p1-p2-participantlineage-participant-p1 → lineage-participant-p2em:dossier-evidence-relation:sha256:19649b1337d67098f9c7f32979f519aba10c576ab68ba13d1d9bc5da12acc57baccepted_dimension=participant; accepted_status=distinct-reported-groups-overlap-not-disclosed; effect=Count two participant-data roots because the papers report separate samples, while withholding any stronger person-level independence claim because participant identities are unavailable.edge-p1-p2-scalelineage-participant-p1 → lineage-participant-p2em:dossier-evidence-relation:sha256:43451c7b43853f9464e619c2d1954712ae9904a982a3b453d90164c51a6bf42daccepted_dimension=scale; accepted_status=known-shared-liking-construct-different-range; effect=Both operationalize attitude as liking versus disliking, while their displayed scale procedures are not treated as identical instruments.edge-p1-p2-speakerlineage-participant-p1 → lineage-participant-p2em:dossier-evidence-relation:sha256:cc1192ff02caf74fa4729528e86056adbb558c4364a178fc5ae8f148803c9074accepted_dimension=speaker; accepted_status=named-speakers-differ-author-speaker-unresolved; effect=The named speakers do not overlap, but P2 leaves one author-speaker unnamed; speaker independence is therefore not fully closed.edge-p1-p2-stimuluslineage-participant-p1 → lineage-participant-p2em:dossier-evidence-relation:sha256:125be946961666ecbcc9ff8e3edcc9cab8aa0e5a9da80ad4dd5bab5ef9bbc65daccepted_dimension=stimulus; accepted_status=known-overlap-neutral-word; effect=P2 reuses the neutral word maybe, which was one of P1's selected words; the material lineage is partially shared.edge-p2-cites-p1lineage-participant-p2 → lineage-participant-p1em:dossier-evidence-relation:sha256:b82ead3331e2c501f148e5ffcc3b276ff18905299111c296f9cdf828eb89fedaaccepted_dimension=citation; accepted_status=known-explicit-citation; effect=P2 is a declared continuation that cites P1 and later integrates its result; it is not an independent replication of the three-number rule.
03support
The .07/.38/.55 values were proposed in P2's discussion as a cross-study weighted-sum extrapolation; neither 1967 experiment tested all three channels together.
Inference of attitudes from nonverbal communication in two channels · journal p.248; PDF p.1, abstractInference of attitudes from nonverbal communication in two channels · journal p.250; PDF p.3, Materials and DesignInference of attitudes from nonverbal communication in two channels · journal p.252; PDF p.5, final Discussion paragraphInference of attitudes from nonverbal communication in two channels · journal p.249; PDF p.2, IntroductionInference of attitudes from nonverbal communication in two channels · journal p.251; PDF p.4, Results
Trace this statement
- Relation
relation-assertion-three-coefficient-proposalem:dossier-evidence-relation:sha256:b96dff398cbed1de6bd61eea64f1310a236d8dc6bf867be13b17101679aed5de- Proposition
claim-three-coefficient-proposalem:dossier-proposition:sha256:d5f8c244c917ded288c04ead85148508187beaf34687a13d5bc10fb0b0d3b717- Assertion
assertion-three-coefficient-proposalem:dossier-assertion:sha256:3ea0b7437f3ae5c3a1c60bbb940ad581563333b7f578815a88b56ef0ed24f76d- Lineage
lineage-cross-study-proposalem:dossier-lineage:sha256:dbc978e3950abc1a5b1619813a601090df761d98c7016b8b10f8532137f00923
Typed dependence
edge-p1-p2-proposal-derivationlineage-mehrabian-original-program → lineage-cross-study-proposalem:dossier-evidence-relation:sha256:21eaf6790f95563abba094777e750923b1ffc99ac39644563ac6efce9a7ef4d5accepted_dimension=derivation; accepted_status=known-cross-study-proposal-missing-verbal-step; effect=The .07/.38/.55 statement combines linked studies in P2's discussion. It is not a third participant-data root, and the exact .07 derivation remains no-credit.
Calculation · Facial-to-vocal ratio from P2's reported regression. Calculation: 1.50 / 1.03 = 1.4563106796116505.
- Relation
relation-assertion-derive-p2-facial-vocal-ratioem:dossier-evidence-relation:sha256:73ce219cb19b54e72d3335eb15c0b455c74b2abf0ace1303daacb4aef0ec09ea- Proposition
em:dossier-proposition:sha256:2560cd963ac71fe56353a7f4bd65e4813610d046233d456231a6eb02db108e5d- Assertion
em:dossier-assertion:sha256:2207227cbaeab78c16aa47a2cdc3524c33d04f4afa42a9010efbab89423a36d3
span-ferris-regressionjournal p.251; PDF p.4, Resultsem:dossier-span:sha256:547e7603aa1b4f25f5a0d80061dbc0ac993dda410472b8c85b4f4bd5c016c033 · sha256:bcc0eade411f9c8c396c9b9fcdba75229f47d89257a82c908cb4cf7e98c0ce49em:dossier-edition:sha256:7669d19a5b08701c9a5c5102d54cd2bce8cba854d8bbde75023f1049d2d9294e · sha256:f132b225949e47049c27c628f0580c80b5b4955fd4682524ef2e50b20ed81623em:dossier-source-work:sha256:79df036174b569d91ec1713b45c3c96ed7150328dc3d48575ffe5c838efb005a · No open article license was confirmed. Public course hosting does not establish reuse rights; the source is represented with identity, digest, access history, and quote-minimal spans only. · No open article license was confirmed. Public course hosting does not establish reuse rights; the source is represented with identity, digest, access history, and quote-minimal spans only.
Calculation · Facial-to-vocal ratio implied by the printed proposal. Calculation: 0.55 / 0.38 = 1.4473684210526316.
- Relation
relation-assertion-derive-proposed-facial-vocal-ratioem:dossier-evidence-relation:sha256:1dc7494096c9b3290400faf4d848b4ac16ca9811aa2133972d5a77cda888bff6- Proposition
em:dossier-proposition:sha256:9fc8d764c1b57eac8a71922a18379e3a2d4605bf8b49c023363529138e57aa26- Assertion
em:dossier-assertion:sha256:ce6d8d76fa89cd8527162f06c5b0f6e9caf15aed10add3715cf128cd4efadd31
span-ferris-proposaljournal p.252; PDF p.5, final Discussion paragraphem:dossier-span:sha256:54ca43f182a145d9e37dd08e3a7a206002f76077d3fe4125ffcbc71a87f08ee9 · sha256:53ed12503f6f297e17aa6a73173f5c32fc5fc44b686048639e6acb0cd900ec9eem:dossier-edition:sha256:7669d19a5b08701c9a5c5102d54cd2bce8cba854d8bbde75023f1049d2d9294e · sha256:f132b225949e47049c27c628f0580c80b5b4955fd4682524ef2e50b20ed81623em:dossier-source-work:sha256:79df036174b569d91ec1713b45c3c96ed7150328dc3d48575ffe5c838efb005a · No open article license was confirmed. Public course hosting does not establish reuse rights; the source is represented with identity, digest, access history, and quote-minimal spans only. · No open article license was confirmed. Public course hosting does not establish reuse rights; the source is represented with identity, digest, access history, and quote-minimal spans only.
Calculation · The printed proposal is normalized to one. Calculation: 0.07 + 0.38 + 0.55 = 1.0.
- Relation
relation-assertion-derive-proposed-sumem:dossier-evidence-relation:sha256:cbd86d4b9a4513e5edd6c3427e1e030ac2a3d1e8bd8b8453e187423e0c84c091- Proposition
em:dossier-proposition:sha256:3200154b9f5d023ab676106b62f7e6e3bd539c5e69f66026b608e4e8b8e887e2- Assertion
em:dossier-assertion:sha256:dbbc0dc321e4993a04ba9453138a8948205e504794eea5343eff9c6f97159467
span-ferris-proposaljournal p.252; PDF p.5, final Discussion paragraphem:dossier-span:sha256:54ca43f182a145d9e37dd08e3a7a206002f76077d3fe4125ffcbc71a87f08ee9 · sha256:53ed12503f6f297e17aa6a73173f5c32fc5fc44b686048639e6acb0cd900ec9eem:dossier-edition:sha256:7669d19a5b08701c9a5c5102d54cd2bce8cba854d8bbde75023f1049d2d9294e · sha256:f132b225949e47049c27c628f0580c80b5b4955fd4682524ef2e50b20ed81623em:dossier-source-work:sha256:79df036174b569d91ec1713b45c3c96ed7150328dc3d48575ffe5c838efb005a · No open article license was confirmed. Public course hosting does not establish reuse rights; the source is represented with identity, digest, access history, and quote-minimal spans only. · No open article license was confirmed. Public course hosting does not establish reuse rights; the source is represented with identity, digest, access history, and quote-minimal spans only.
Calculation · The reported regression and printed proposal are close, not identical. Calculation: abs((1.50 / 1.03) - (0.55 / 0.38)) = 0.008942258559018867.
- Relation
relation-assertion-derive-ratio-differenceem:dossier-evidence-relation:sha256:9191549dae61bb7a844586213b899dbf91266e2af74f8fcde17d4a75dd045a9c- Proposition
em:dossier-proposition:sha256:6016e62b8613745cd8cec401cfb4afbb75c130fe9e3eb8b65d3f24ca4a757c9a- Assertion
em:dossier-assertion:sha256:a25802bf6855b74cb5d9ebc39962378f23f2e2f344939cab68fa04beea5f1609
span-ferris-regressionjournal p.251; PDF p.4, Resultsem:dossier-span:sha256:547e7603aa1b4f25f5a0d80061dbc0ac993dda410472b8c85b4f4bd5c016c033 · sha256:bcc0eade411f9c8c396c9b9fcdba75229f47d89257a82c908cb4cf7e98c0ce49em:dossier-edition:sha256:7669d19a5b08701c9a5c5102d54cd2bce8cba854d8bbde75023f1049d2d9294e · sha256:f132b225949e47049c27c628f0580c80b5b4955fd4682524ef2e50b20ed81623em:dossier-source-work:sha256:79df036174b569d91ec1713b45c3c96ed7150328dc3d48575ffe5c838efb005a · No open article license was confirmed. Public course hosting does not establish reuse rights; the source is represented with identity, digest, access history, and quote-minimal spans only. · No open article license was confirmed. Public course hosting does not establish reuse rights; the source is represented with identity, digest, access history, and quote-minimal spans only.span-ferris-proposaljournal p.252; PDF p.5, final Discussion paragraphem:dossier-span:sha256:54ca43f182a145d9e37dd08e3a7a206002f76077d3fe4125ffcbc71a87f08ee9 · sha256:53ed12503f6f297e17aa6a73173f5c32fc5fc44b686048639e6acb0cd900ec9eem:dossier-edition:sha256:7669d19a5b08701c9a5c5102d54cd2bce8cba854d8bbde75023f1049d2d9294e · sha256:f132b225949e47049c27c628f0580c80b5b4955fd4682524ef2e50b20ed81623em:dossier-source-work:sha256:79df036174b569d91ec1713b45c3c96ed7150328dc3d48575ffe5c838efb005a · No open article license was confirmed. Public course hosting does not establish reuse rights; the source is represented with identity, digest, access history, and quote-minimal spans only. · No open article license was confirmed. Public course hosting does not establish reuse rights; the source is represented with identity, digest, access history, and quote-minimal spans only.
04support
The 1971 book repeats the equation, calls the numbers approximate, and limits use to one feeling dimension at a time.
Silent Messages · PDF p.51, Inconsistent messages chapterSilent Messages · PDF p.52, paragraph following Total feeling equationSilent Messages · Open Library JSON: /edition_name, /publish_date, /isbn_10, /number_of_pages
Trace this statement
- Relation
relation-assertion-book-boundaryem:dossier-evidence-relation:sha256:5b8acb5ba743cf60dbbb907edbdc66e21e2e5bb2d1738d01bbc1803137066662- Proposition
claim-book-boundaryem:dossier-proposition:sha256:a0b156104e1ad7eb9d5515ac999063660a1a40547ff81b54ab5dd5d53399e570- Assertion
assertion-book-boundaryem:dossier-assertion:sha256:dd01fd19de156eb2f84068f3960fdae385edb3d34ab40b1dae9540cb15058005- Lineage
lineage-silent-1971em:dossier-lineage:sha256:8d5b7ecbeb68f7c37a9633763954765cbbdd7adb320f5960dd23e83c17cbac35
Typed dependence
edge-silent-messages-editionslineage-silent-1971 → lineage-silent-1981-unknownem:dossier-evidence-relation:sha256:862b58b456afea712f0e4b237952a166508f23bae7ac3ce5e2b7b731126065d4accepted_dimension=book-edition; accepted_status=same-work-edition-lineage-content-not-collated; effect=The editions are one authorial work lineage and supply no new participant evidence; formula continuity into 1981 remains unresolved.
05rebuttal
The circulated claim that 93 percent of communication is nonverbal is not a result established by the two 1967 experiments.
Decoding of inconsistent communications · journal p.109; PDF p.1, abstractInference of attitudes from nonverbal communication in two channels · journal p.248; PDF p.1, abstractSilent Messages -- Description and Ordering Information · HTML body, strong element following the equationMessage impact: What percentage is nonverbal? · ERIC abstractMessage impact: What percentage is nonverbal? · ERIC abstract
Trace this statement
- Relation
relation-hegstrom-direct-rebuttalem:dossier-evidence-relation:sha256:b4a0669074531dc15e61a4ac334d9f4a6144f8839dd7efb1d42165c07d49e940- Proposition
claim-popular-ruleem:dossier-proposition:sha256:a8ccfbad6bdf99d4be2938ac6fc23fae7e785dcd57735e3b93e502a2b8aba8ef- Assertion
assertion-popular-ruleem:dossier-assertion:sha256:803cb6783de07cf7cdf07f9f6b4fa0ba6f90260e2c632b3bc22cbf18e34a714a- Lineage
lineage-general-rule-synthesisem:dossier-lineage:sha256:6b47ad10be166f9688f87f5c847b321c50f06d9b30709eb079803e51a14a964c
06qualification
The circulated claim that 93 percent of communication is nonverbal is not a result established by the two 1967 experiments.
Decoding of inconsistent communications · journal p.109; PDF p.1, abstractInference of attitudes from nonverbal communication in two channels · journal p.248; PDF p.1, abstractSilent Messages -- Description and Ordering Information · HTML body, strong element following the equationMessage impact: What percentage is nonverbal? · ERIC abstract
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claim-popular-ruleem:dossier-proposition:sha256:a8ccfbad6bdf99d4be2938ac6fc23fae7e785dcd57735e3b93e502a2b8aba8ef- Assertion
assertion-popular-ruleem:dossier-assertion:sha256:803cb6783de07cf7cdf07f9f6b4fa0ba6f90260e2c632b3bc22cbf18e34a714a- Lineage
lineage-general-rule-synthesisem:dossier-lineage:sha256:6b47ad10be166f9688f87f5c847b321c50f06d9b30709eb079803e51a14a964c
30 exact passages · repeated display spans collapsed
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Used by evidence statement 01, 02
Decoding of inconsistent communications
journal pp.109-110; PDF pp.1-2, abstract and Materials
single-word contents were each combined with 3 degrees of attitude communicated in tone of voice ... the words MAYBE, REALLY, and OH were selected as comparable instances of neutral contents
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Used by evidence statement 01
Decoding of inconsistent communications
journal p.113; PDF p.5, Discussion
messages involving single words spoken with intonation are primarily based on the attitude carried in the tonal component
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Used by evidence statement 01
Decoding of inconsistent communications
journal p.113; PDF p.5, Discussion
can be safely extended only to communication situations in which no additional information about the communicator-addressee relationship is available
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Used by evidence statement 01, 02
Decoding of inconsistent communications
journal p.109; PDF p.1, title block
authors=Albert Mehrabian; Morton Wiener
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Used by evidence statement 01, 02
Decoding of inconsistent communications
journal p.109; PDF p.1, footnote 1
Susan Ferris, for her comments on the manuscript
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Used by evidence statement 01, 02
Inference of attitudes from nonverbal communication in two channels
journal p.248; PDF p.1, title block
authors=Albert Mehrabian; Susan R. Ferris
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Used by evidence statement 01, 02
Decoding of inconsistent communications
journal p.109; PDF p.1, footnote 1
This study was supported in part by University of California Grant 2189 and in part by United States Public Health Service Grant M-3860.
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Used by evidence statement 01, 02
Inference of attitudes from nonverbal communication in two channels
journal p.248; PDF p.1, footnote 1
grants=United States Public Health Service 1 R03-MH-12629-01; University of California 2189
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Used by evidence statement 01, 02
Decoding of inconsistent communications
journal p.110; PDF p.2, Materials
Two female speakers were employed to read each of the nine selected words with each of the three positive, neutral, and negative tones.
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Used by evidence statement 01, 02
Inference of attitudes from nonverbal communication in two channels
journal p.248; PDF p.1, footnote 1
Dee Nieto, Nina Spitzer, and Barbara Ullman, who acted as models, and Elaine Blackman and Katherine Nelson, who, along with one of the authors, acted as speakers in preparing the experimental materials.
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Used by evidence statement 01, 02
Inference of attitudes from nonverbal communication in two channels
journal p.250; PDF p.3, Materials
The word "maybe" was selected as an appropriate neutral verbal carrier of vocal communications
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Used by evidence statement 01, 02, 03
Inference of attitudes from nonverbal communication in two channels
journal p.250; PDF p.3, Materials and Design
Photographs of three female models were taken as they attempted to use facial expressions to communicate like, neutrality, and dislike towards another person ... there were 36 experimental conditions ... 3 Vocal Attitude X 3 Facial Attitude X 2 Speaker X 2 Model interactions
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Used by evidence statement 01, 02
Decoding of inconsistent communications
journal p.111; PDF p.3, Procedure
using all the information available ... using only the information contained in the meanings of the words ... using only the information contained in the tone
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Used by evidence statement 01, 02
Decoding of inconsistent communications
journal p.110; PDF p.2, Method/Subjects
Forty-five subjects were used in the initial selection ... A second group of 30 subjects was used in the remaining portion of the study.
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Used by evidence statement 01, 02
Inference of attitudes from nonverbal communication in two channels
journal p.249; PDF p.2, Method/Subjects
A group of 25 subjects (Ss) was used ... A second group of 17 Ss was used ... A third group of 20 Ss was used ... All 62 Ss were female University of California undergraduates
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Used by evidence statement 01, 02
Decoding of inconsistent communications
journal p.111; PDF p.3, Procedure
"Positive" refers to liking, preferring or having high evaluations and "negative" refers to disliking, not preferring or having low evaluations of the addressee.
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Used by evidence statement 01, 02
Inference of attitudes from nonverbal communication in two channels
journal p.251; PDF p.4, Procedure
an attitude scale designated "like," +3 and "dislike," —3 at its poles
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Used by evidence statement 01, 02
Decoding of inconsistent communications
journal p.109; PDF p.1, footnote 1
Sylvia Norman and Dena Sugar, who acted as speakers in the recording of the experimental conditions
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Used by evidence statement 01, 02, 03
Inference of attitudes from nonverbal communication in two channels
journal p.249; PDF p.2, Introduction
Mehrabian and Wiener's (1967) study indicated that the dominant component in a two-channel communication determines the meaning of inconsistent communications
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Used by evidence statement 01, 02, 03
Inference of attitudes from nonverbal communication in two channels
journal p.252; PDF p.5, final Discussion paragraph
A final comment is required to integrate the implications of the findings of the present study with the findings of the Mehrabian and Wiener study (1967) ... It is suggested that the combined effect of simultaneous verbal, vocal, and facial attitude communications is a weighted sum of their independent effects ... with the coefficients of .07, .38, and .55, respectively
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Used by evidence statement 02
Inference of attitudes from nonverbal communication in two channels
journal p.251; PDF p.4, Results
The Facial Attitude factor accounted for 41.4% of the total sum of squares ... the Vocal Attitude factor accounted for 19.3% of the total sum of squares
Exact source identity
- Edition
- em:dossier-edition:sha256:7669d19a5b08701c9a5c5102d54cd2bce8cba854d8bbde75023f1049d2d9294e
- Edition digest
- sha256:f132b225949e47049c27c628f0580c80b5b4955fd4682524ef2e50b20ed81623
- Span
- em:dossier-span:sha256:26c019f540c5f70299c0e3ec45f83638608f4748d3028b5701a933d8c1756c43
- Span digest
- sha256:8aa2729b7ef029023794395a31dbd45ec393ce5d06c7ba93f10d67ca31120f1e
- Retrieval
- Repository audit span; no external retrieval record
- License
- No open article license was confirmed. Public course hosting does not establish reuse rights; the source is represented with identity, digest, access history, and quote-minimal spans only. · No open article license was confirmed. Public course hosting does not establish reuse rights; the source is represented with identity, digest, access history, and quote-minimal spans only.
Used by evidence statement 02, 03
Inference of attitudes from nonverbal communication in two channels
journal p.251; PDF p.4, Results
A_T = 1.50 A_F + 1.03 A_V
Exact source identity
- Edition
- em:dossier-edition:sha256:7669d19a5b08701c9a5c5102d54cd2bce8cba854d8bbde75023f1049d2d9294e
- Edition digest
- sha256:f132b225949e47049c27c628f0580c80b5b4955fd4682524ef2e50b20ed81623
- Span
- em:dossier-span:sha256:547e7603aa1b4f25f5a0d80061dbc0ac993dda410472b8c85b4f4bd5c016c033
- Span digest
- sha256:bcc0eade411f9c8c396c9b9fcdba75229f47d89257a82c908cb4cf7e98c0ce49
- Retrieval
- Repository audit span; no external retrieval record
- License
- No open article license was confirmed. Public course hosting does not establish reuse rights; the source is represented with identity, digest, access history, and quote-minimal spans only. · No open article license was confirmed. Public course hosting does not establish reuse rights; the source is represented with identity, digest, access history, and quote-minimal spans only.
Used by evidence statement 03, 05, 06
Inference of attitudes from nonverbal communication in two channels
journal p.248; PDF p.1, abstract
3 degrees of attitude (i.e., positive, neutral, and negative) in facial expression ... were each combined with 3 degrees of attitude communicated vocally
Exact source identity
- Edition
- em:dossier-edition:sha256:7669d19a5b08701c9a5c5102d54cd2bce8cba854d8bbde75023f1049d2d9294e
- Edition digest
- sha256:f132b225949e47049c27c628f0580c80b5b4955fd4682524ef2e50b20ed81623
- Span
- em:dossier-span:sha256:f3ddd9da7391eb4a4b95240c128531dc4fbc508003f35bced324be48d5cf8784
- Span digest
- sha256:220db2149c0f0244a0e43b6bfeb4d941396a6783121b071b799f69cd8ebe0704
- Retrieval
- Repository audit span; no external retrieval record
- License
- No open article license was confirmed. Public course hosting does not establish reuse rights; the source is represented with identity, digest, access history, and quote-minimal spans only. · No open article license was confirmed. Public course hosting does not establish reuse rights; the source is represented with identity, digest, access history, and quote-minimal spans only.
Used by evidence statement 04
Silent Messages
PDF p.51, Inconsistent messages chapter
Total liking = 7% verbal liking + 38% vocal liking + 55% facial liking
Exact source identity
- Edition
- em:dossier-edition:sha256:f5699461bb72eb85dc612f72a4a9d8449a9880d5abf46a24c12e51f19cdc02bb
- Edition digest
- sha256:aa647949f4256a622046b63357b878ea0e5901e01c26637de8eee82767e8c544
- Span
- em:dossier-span:sha256:178e0fb9b61623e38cd59a7f988191bc015b17c2d3e619c41faa50ed2a8e3d19
- Span digest
- sha256:ff46a19ba7348d36caf9e749bc427e19b1e00e89ed5306d3c01c2533d10cd6b3
- Retrieval
- Repository audit span; no external retrieval record
- License
- All rights reserved; the scan is not committed or redistributed. Retain metadata, digest, PDF-page locators, and quote-minimal spans only.; Catalog metadata only; no full-text license or readable edition was confirmed. · All rights reserved; the scan is not committed or redistributed. Retain metadata, digest, PDF-page locators, and quote-minimal spans only.; Catalog metadata only; no full-text license or readable edition was confirmed.
Used by evidence statement 04
Silent Messages
PDF p.52, paragraph following Total feeling equation
Numerical values in this equation are only approximate ... restrict ourselves to the analysis of only one dimension of feeling at a time
Exact source identity
- Edition
- em:dossier-edition:sha256:f5699461bb72eb85dc612f72a4a9d8449a9880d5abf46a24c12e51f19cdc02bb
- Edition digest
- sha256:aa647949f4256a622046b63357b878ea0e5901e01c26637de8eee82767e8c544
- Span
- em:dossier-span:sha256:3af7779059c593bbd60ad80cdc28c7af7f542b55883594e33d90e3c7ac949075
- Span digest
- sha256:d221b89ba1ec0a6ebcfbe0ddd9db1a5033e2aa40adc3b488e99363f03e7314d0
- Retrieval
- Repository audit span; no external retrieval record
- License
- All rights reserved; the scan is not committed or redistributed. Retain metadata, digest, PDF-page locators, and quote-minimal spans only.; Catalog metadata only; no full-text license or readable edition was confirmed. · All rights reserved; the scan is not committed or redistributed. Retain metadata, digest, PDF-page locators, and quote-minimal spans only.; Catalog metadata only; no full-text license or readable edition was confirmed.
Used by evidence statement 04
Silent Messages
Open Library JSON: /edition_name, /publish_date, /isbn_10, /number_of_pages
edition_name=2d ed.; publish_date=1981; isbn_10=0534009107; number_of_pages=196
Exact source identity
- Edition
- em:dossier-edition:sha256:b38affa8ed01cddbd0107db964b35010f69f24b189068caae78981cbb9450114
- Edition digest
- sha256:b7b535445cf40448ab684100aaca8be213ef6d28bddc1287466fffae560ab719
- Span
- em:dossier-span:sha256:218906349ebfb83cf2386a2bdb73829d8145b2a84a7d4825e33df937e3b0a626
- Span digest
- sha256:0aea216641f6e03efd85523e296cf7339572d5d5844d646f347fc6d31f1ebb4e
- Retrieval
- Repository audit span; no external retrieval record
- License
- All rights reserved; the scan is not committed or redistributed. Retain metadata, digest, PDF-page locators, and quote-minimal spans only.; Catalog metadata only; no full-text license or readable edition was confirmed. · All rights reserved; the scan is not committed or redistributed. Retain metadata, digest, PDF-page locators, and quote-minimal spans only.; Catalog metadata only; no full-text license or readable edition was confirmed.
Used by evidence statement 05, 06
Decoding of inconsistent communications
journal p.109; PDF p.1, abstract
inconsistent communication of attitude in 2 components of a message
Exact source identity
- Edition
- em:dossier-edition:sha256:9cef493f1c06d772e12bca8b2334c646e2ec97242a5cf6847f4d25fdd31350cb
- Edition digest
- sha256:427ca62349bc67d917928b2badff4f0e2e719a767f39c37249be9f41d2691691
- Span
- em:dossier-span:sha256:7617e2274e69c13dc0a1d727714c6fffca0ec5d0a1efd824e8c4419e5ecaecec
- Span digest
- sha256:e5a5e1ffb2ebed6cd6dc939f4ec23d4e956df40f5b5e12b187296c72ec8a24fd
- Retrieval
- Repository audit span; no external retrieval record
- License
- No open article license was confirmed. The readable scan is not redistributed; only identity, digest, access history, and quote-minimal spans are retained. · No open article license was confirmed. The readable scan is not redistributed; only identity, digest, access history, and quote-minimal spans are retained.
Used by evidence statement 05, 06
Silent Messages -- Description and Ordering Information
HTML body, strong element following the equation
Unless a communicator is talking about their feelings or attitudes, these equations are not applicable
Exact source identity
- Edition
- em:dossier-edition:sha256:57d23a52e1ec5e9f0d4fbd012397156b9a5713527634e7c1a3ffce9699ea25d1
- Edition digest
- sha256:a1c7bcc1b2c7e59f8111c255d6d55fde7da6811b7a79b905d9af7de0b2c269b4
- Span
- em:dossier-span:sha256:b96e6d9440921c4a3e761ca4189183c6da82d37e4a94b8a5933309fabdd15e00
- Span digest
- sha256:17fc31577e9efe03e26b79276749e7a724ffbe134ac1af41b51c1fe9d227a8cf
- Retrieval
- Repository audit span; no external retrieval record
- License
- Copyrighted author page with no open license observed; quote minimally and attribute. · Copyrighted author page with no open license observed; quote minimally and attribute.
Used by evidence statement 05, 06
Message impact: What percentage is nonverbal?
ERIC abstract
Regression equations for each of four messages were quite different from Mehrabian's formula and from each other
Exact source identity
- Edition
- em:dossier-edition:sha256:aab90cb44b2944deef68a4fb245bf3c6681ae4814e3befaf254e24ac6aefc392
- Edition digest
- sha256:a8f0ffa29df479841a3725edc8a8c4e05bc1dc2326b5fce71989f9635c9426b3
- Span
- em:dossier-span:sha256:84e714521f572d4045fa074f3796dbda663b9c5606d927defd4caa459cc75aed
- Span digest
- sha256:8984ae9eb204a78ae87c6bf2e367d74699e49a53e0892ada7d3d93c25bdb8873
- Retrieval
- Repository audit span; no external retrieval record
- License
- Publisher full text is closed and returned HTTP 403. The public ERIC and publisher abstracts are used quote-minimally; no full text is redistributed. · Publisher full text is closed and returned HTTP 403. The public ERIC and publisher abstracts are used quote-minimally; no full text is redistributed.
Used by evidence statement 05
Message impact: What percentage is nonverbal?
ERIC abstract
all-channel condition as the criterion variable and the verbal, vocal, and facial channels as predictor variables
Exact source identity
- Edition
- em:dossier-edition:sha256:aab90cb44b2944deef68a4fb245bf3c6681ae4814e3befaf254e24ac6aefc392
- Edition digest
- sha256:a8f0ffa29df479841a3725edc8a8c4e05bc1dc2326b5fce71989f9635c9426b3
- Span
- em:dossier-span:sha256:24cac9c50a124a4988ffea4f86d09f69e95249f8c227b1a79616e588eb1990d2
- Span digest
- sha256:9940e90fe3daa217ffb54ae30f060049767ba1dd0b3cee7af122a5e2afa7850f
- Retrieval
- Repository audit span; no external retrieval record
- License
- Publisher full text is closed and returned HTTP 403. The public ERIC and publisher abstracts are used quote-minimally; no full text is redistributed. · Publisher full text is closed and returned HTTP 403. The public ERIC and publisher abstracts are used quote-minimally; no full text is redistributed.
Verify every number
Complete count ledgers
Every displayed total is a view over these typed members; no total is maintained as marketing copy.
2 · Original 1967 Experiments
- Words-and-tone participant root
Technical identity
- Member
experiment-words-and-tone- Object type
- lineages
- Object key
lineage-participant-p1- Object ID
em:dossier-lineage:sha256:e57ceb2324b3adcdf705e9edfcc2c6f35ac41c1a1970042ff60c11e518fc4a89- Status
- known
- Dependence
- data, method, apparatus, social
- Basis span
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em:dossier-source-work:sha256:7df450681d00146144e9be0cf4d0a0a2260055aafe4886194ee62f53bb1e8a2e· No open article license was confirmed. The readable scan is not redistributed; only identity, digest, access history, and quote-minimal spans are retained.
- Face-and-tone participant root
Technical identity
- Member
experiment-face-and-tone- Object type
- lineages
- Object key
lineage-participant-p2- Object ID
em:dossier-lineage:sha256:c584e06d798d9968c9aad64e38cd1c63ceec9ba7621f6bc04a7fdb26a4746367- Status
- known
- Dependence
- data, method, apparatus, social
- Basis span
em:dossier-span:sha256:740367903de0dee8f3c17d3f89796b8e5217e12555a8dcd9a7a13b827a403f2csha256:fa09f76126dae7eb46c331df6ffa7f8b671f4002a64646ace7e448d80e3562d0- Basis edition
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em:dossier-source-work:sha256:79df036174b569d91ec1713b45c3c96ed7150328dc3d48575ffe5c838efb005a· No open article license was confirmed. Public course hosting does not establish reuse rights; the source is represented with identity, digest, access history, and quote-minimal spans only.
5 · Participant-Data Roots
- 1967 words-and-tone root
Technical identity
- Member
root-p1- Object type
- lineages
- Object key
lineage-participant-p1- Object ID
em:dossier-lineage:sha256:e57ceb2324b3adcdf705e9edfcc2c6f35ac41c1a1970042ff60c11e518fc4a89- Status
- known
- Dependence
- data, method, apparatus, social
- Basis span
em:dossier-span:sha256:88540bb84cd162d661a378a5634879223ee65dee2739807f39c5309b5f439fd8sha256:0eefeb725dcdcbcc3628a841cdf4645e01c2f93be5e7639b1560110a915e6149- Basis edition
em:dossier-edition:sha256:9cef493f1c06d772e12bca8b2334c646e2ec97242a5cf6847f4d25fdd31350cbsha256:427ca62349bc67d917928b2badff4f0e2e719a767f39c37249be9f41d2691691- Basis work
em:dossier-source-work:sha256:7df450681d00146144e9be0cf4d0a0a2260055aafe4886194ee62f53bb1e8a2e· No open article license was confirmed. The readable scan is not redistributed; only identity, digest, access history, and quote-minimal spans are retained.
- 1967 face-and-tone root
Technical identity
- Member
root-p2- Object type
- lineages
- Object key
lineage-participant-p2- Object ID
em:dossier-lineage:sha256:c584e06d798d9968c9aad64e38cd1c63ceec9ba7621f6bc04a7fdb26a4746367- Status
- known
- Dependence
- data, method, apparatus, social
- Basis span
em:dossier-span:sha256:9d8a8e388c3c933b491506fea53f696a0dcbf60f4a3898740a54ed3ed0d8417asha256:af3ea87f2d7d460331048afbea8bed571db8d1b7bfc9b88f9dfae16eac02a87b- Basis edition
em:dossier-edition:sha256:7669d19a5b08701c9a5c5102d54cd2bce8cba854d8bbde75023f1049d2d9294esha256:f132b225949e47049c27c628f0580c80b5b4955fd4682524ef2e50b20ed81623- Basis work
em:dossier-source-work:sha256:79df036174b569d91ec1713b45c3c96ed7150328dc3d48575ffe5c838efb005a· No open article license was confirmed. Public course hosting does not establish reuse rights; the source is represented with identity, digest, access history, and quote-minimal spans only.
- Hegstrom all-channel rebuttal root
Technical identity
- Member
root-hegstrom- Object type
- lineages
- Object key
lineage-hegstrom-rebuttal- Object ID
em:dossier-lineage:sha256:257e0b1fcd5d5a376dd9e87d35c1d575edb8b258a4400035a7911db154287a2d- Status
- known
- Dependence
- data, method, source
- Basis span
em:dossier-span:sha256:84e714521f572d4045fa074f3796dbda663b9c5606d927defd4caa459cc75aedsha256:8984ae9eb204a78ae87c6bf2e367d74699e49a53e0892ada7d3d93c25bdb8873- Basis edition
em:dossier-edition:sha256:aab90cb44b2944deef68a4fb245bf3c6681ae4814e3befaf254e24ac6aefc392sha256:a8f0ffa29df479841a3725edc8a8c4e05bc1dc2326b5fce71989f9635c9426b3- Basis work
em:dossier-source-work:sha256:2b97d13955e5a28ddd4dbcf662e28befd8c666b09f0308c98fc96c4d51d71810· Publisher full text is closed and returned HTTP 403. The public ERIC and publisher abstracts are used quote-minimally; no full text is redistributed.
- Argyle 1970 related-study root
Technical identity
- Member
root-argyle-1970- Object type
- lineages
- Object key
lineage-participant-argyle-1970- Object ID
em:dossier-lineage:sha256:8098086255adfe1742167fee535f0a451a49bb0c2745a06b9386b2f1dc71e240- Status
- known
- Dependence
- data, method, source
- Basis span
em:dossier-span:sha256:e8a01a006d330bd4a9d45ffe93618728e38a4e49fe05b4bc1d41f7765e9b058dsha256:75bb9f2b9bf5c6dbfd26a2628aabf677e631ba9851ef607aa6006b9c499b2feb- Basis edition
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em:dossier-source-work:sha256:00cdbabe6986f0214deb80e249845a0a0148dd230ac5b54db86701cfa94d91d7· Closed publisher version; metadata and publisher abstract readback only.
- Argyle 1971 related-study root
Technical identity
- Member
root-argyle-1971- Object type
- lineages
- Object key
lineage-participant-argyle-1971- Object ID
em:dossier-lineage:sha256:cf87e65c60f2b677d1ef84afd1e4a290f624b6d66d962d89bcd7a62af96e6ccc- Status
- known
- Dependence
- data, method, source
- Basis span
em:dossier-span:sha256:f70c8f42aeb96d249a34c9bf28e2f9ce51531a990fb2d068d70bd4beab683675sha256:ae9e89c0355eac4c1f6c10e9e29b25e97a98e5566ad0b931ce3a56ce205c6b3e- Basis edition
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em:dossier-source-work:sha256:506b1bbd461c4a7e94a1cd7aba0aa1ccfa061fb1cfa603cbb0e97a05d09aa51b· Closed publisher version; metadata and publisher abstract readback only.
3 · Zero-Credit Propagation Objects
- Bounded website-circulation sample
Technical identity
- Member
propagation-lapakko- Object type
- lineages
- Object key
lineage-lapakko-2007- Object ID
em:dossier-lineage:sha256:8a1a7e917c8242d263092ad2c071248d85959dd2db5693994ac3bb2fe85c8def- Status
- known
- Dependence
- source, method, social
- Basis span
em:dossier-span:sha256:d605d3d8afa9041a9fec755d7b92abd56f0760b86e0e0cd966649d86bc81c994sha256:95dcb11743dc3084a82159fda3d90e35b0c1e5416989283d770ce4540ffa577c- Basis edition
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- Hampshire institutional recirculation
Technical identity
- Member
propagation-hampshire- Object type
- lineages
- Object key
lineage-hampshire-propagation- Object ID
em:dossier-lineage:sha256:e1b3c36f88cbc0d90f561f12310837f356271be06d0dfcd88709e4a45cc29f5b- Status
- known
- Dependence
- source, social
- Basis span
em:dossier-span:sha256:ca601568d638a362e0a1bcc8b34639e5d9ab35277c143ebce53e8aba36be26fcsha256:a93da9a7d23a8c4493fc2fd09a983c5aa6a75dff91861bf528a6408478782e1b- Basis edition
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- Birmingham institutional recirculation
Technical identity
- Member
propagation-birmingham- Object type
- lineages
- Object key
lineage-birmingham-propagation- Object ID
em:dossier-lineage:sha256:7a32587e1c7bf4a96d78fb681465481685d1e451157ce3b0b2293ab293a00bba- Status
- known
- Dependence
- source, social
- Basis span
em:dossier-span:sha256:ccc46bf74eac7c8ef464c6b3775dc362df9e4446e8c281fd93c05746d36b1c34sha256:7fadc1793ce8dc246fc58b2adb489786eb264a422fc20c06b27264600e4121f9- Basis edition
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em:dossier-source-work:sha256:6ac486c44719663b4dff0226037280abb731bdd61908798804bb748c5a05b676· No page-specific open license observed; quote minimally. This is a propagation object and receives zero scientific evidence credit.
1 · Unresolved Coefficient Derivation
- Exact source derivation of the .07 coefficient remains unknown
Technical identity
- Member
unknown-seven-percent-origin- Object type
- lineages
- Object key
lineage-seven-origin-unknown- Object ID
em:dossier-lineage:sha256:a163786004de685549681466c4d321824f7eef66077caf48e87d67e1176f327d- Status
- unknown
- Dependence
- model, source
- Basis span
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em:dossier-source-work:sha256:79df036174b569d91ec1713b45c3c96ed7150328dc3d48575ffe5c838efb005a· No open article license was confirmed. Public course hosting does not establish reuse rights; the source is represented with identity, digest, access history, and quote-minimal spans only.
Five-line lexicon
The units are different on purpose
- Participant-data root
- One distinct reported participant collection after shared papers and programs are collapsed.
- Cross-study proposal
- An integration suggested across studies, not a result directly tested in one experiment.
- Propagation object
- A document showing that a claim circulated; it supplies no truth credit.
- Direct rebuttal
- A later all-channel test whose reported equations challenge a fixed universal rule.
- Unresolved derivation
- A coefficient origin the reviewed primary editions do not disclose.