Repository object · research-note
Build Candidate
Accepted research note in the public catalog.
- Media type
text/x-python- Object ID
em:research-note:sha256:a5be42bfa541a42e6e6c16714c58356aaa2aab2438a9a5cbc5d98118bbd197fd- Content digest
c81ab834a68961294091c6f42495e5a7618994126bbcfdf2f86cf34106a9ac6e
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Source content
"""Build and verify the EM-0019 draft dossier.
The source packets below contain only the exact excerpts needed for review. Full
provider artifacts remain outside the repository; their retrieval digests and
license limits are recorded in each packet.
"""
from __future__ import annotations
import argparse
import hashlib
import json
from pathlib import Path
from typing import Any
from epistemedia.core import canonical_json
from epistemedia.dossier import (
DOSSIER_FORMAT,
independence_summary,
stamp_dossier,
validate_dossier,
)
HERE = Path(__file__).resolve().parent
CANDIDATE_PATH = HERE / "candidate-dossier.json"
RETRIEVED_AT = "2026-08-22T06:13:51Z"
CORRECTION_RETRIEVED_AT = "2026-08-22T07:11:15Z"
REVIEW_REPAIR_RETRIEVED_AT = "2026-08-22T16:14:38Z"
SEARCH_LEDGER_RETRIEVED_AT = "2026-08-22T17:32:37Z"
def prose(*sentences: str) -> str:
return " ".join(sentence.strip() for sentence in sentences)
def digest_bytes(value: bytes) -> str:
return "sha256:" + hashlib.sha256(value).hexdigest()
def content_bytes(value: Any) -> bytes:
if isinstance(value, str):
return value.encode("utf-8")
return canonical_json(value).encode("utf-8")
def edition(
key: str,
work_key: str,
label: str,
media_type: str,
content: dict[str, Any],
*,
retrieved_at: str = RETRIEVED_AT,
) -> dict[str, Any]:
encoded = content_bytes(content)
return {
"key": key,
"work_key": work_key,
"edition_label": label,
"media_type": media_type,
"retrieved_at": retrieved_at,
"content": content,
"content_digest": digest_bytes(encoded),
"content_length": len(encoded),
"visibility": "public",
}
def excerpt(
locator: str,
text: str,
*,
verification: str = "artifact",
) -> dict[str, str]:
return {"locator": locator, "text": text, "verification": verification}
def span(
key: str,
edition_key: str,
excerpt_index: int,
label: str,
exact_text: str,
) -> dict[str, Any]:
return {
"key": key,
"edition_key": edition_key,
"locator": {
"type": "json-pointer",
"pointer": f"/excerpts/{excerpt_index}/text",
"label": label,
},
"extent": {"type": "json-value", "value": exact_text},
"digest": digest_bytes(exact_text.encode("utf-8")),
"visibility": "public",
}
SKURNIK_SUMMARY = prose(
"Telling people that a consumer claim is false can make them misremember it as true.",
"In two experiments, older adults were especially susceptible to this “illusion of "
"truth” effect.",
)
HANDBOOK_CLAIM = "Hence the backfire effect is real."
HANDBOOK_ADVICE = "Ideally, avoid mentioning the myth altogether while correcting it."
HANDBOOK_EXPERIMENT = (
"To test for this backfire effect, people were shown a flyer that debunked common "
"myths about flu vaccines."
)
HANDBOOK_DELAY = (
"However, when queried 30 minutes after reading the flyer, some people actually scored "
"worse after reading the flyer."
)
HANDBOOK_REFERENCE = (
"Skurnik, I., Yoon, C., Park, D., & Schwarz, N. (2005). How warnings about "
"false claims become recommendations. Journal of Consumer Research, 31, 713-724."
)
HANDBOOK_UPDATE = (
"For the most current information about this elusive effect please read the relevant "
"excerpt from the new version of the handbook here."
)
SCHWARZ_CLAIM = prose(
"Erroneous beliefs are difficult to correct.",
"Worse, popular correction strategies, such as the myth-versus-fact article format, "
"may backfire because they subtly reinforce the myths through repetition and further "
"increase the spread and acceptance of misinformation.",
)
SCHWARZ_REFERENCE = (
"Skurnik, I., Yoon, C., Park, D. C., & Schwarz, N. (2005). How warnings about false "
"claims become recommendations. Journal of Consumer Research, 31, 713–724."
)
SCHWARZ_SKURNIK_2005_DELAY = (
"But 3 days later, after their memories had a chance to fade, participants were more "
"likely to think that any statement they had seen was true, whether it had been "
"presented as true or false."
)
SCHWARZ_SKURNIK_2005_OLDER = (
"Older participants were particularly vulnerable to this bias, presumably because "
"their poorer memory made it harder to remember the details of what they had heard earlier."
)
SCHWARZ_FLU_2007_MEMORY = (
"When undergraduates viewed a myths-and-facts flyer about the flu taken from the CDC "
"website, they remembered some myths as facts after only 30 minutes."
)
SCHWARZ_FLU_2007_INTENTIONS = (
"Worse, their reported intentions to get vaccinated were even lower than those of "
"control participants who had not been exposed to any message about the flu."
)
SCHWARZ_REFERENCE_6 = (
"Schwarz, N., Sanna, L. J., Skurnik, I., & Yoon, C. (2007). Metacognitive experiences "
"and the intricacies of setting people straight: Implications for debiasing and public "
"information campaigns. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 39, 127–161."
)
ECKER_2020_RESULT = prose(
"Experiment 1 found some evidence for a familiarity backfire effect, but the evidence "
"was statistically weak and the result failed to occur in an exact replication with "
"greater experimental power (Experiment 2) as well as a close replication that added "
"only a trivial secondary task (the no-load condition of Experiment 3).",
"In fact, both Experiments 2 and 3 yielded substantial evidence against the presence "
"of a familiarity backfire effect, even under conditions that should maximize reliance "
"on familiarity and thus facilitate occurrence of familiarity backfire, viz. the "
"combination of novel claims that maximized the familiarity boost conveyed by first "
"exposure, a relatively long 1-week retention interval, and correction encoding under "
"cognitive load (the load condition of Experiment 3).",
)
ECKER_2020_GUIDANCE_OVERREACH = (
"The practical implications of this research are clear: recommendations to front-line "
"educators and communicators to entirely avoid repeating misinformation when debunking "
"(Cook & Lewandowsky, 2011; Lewandowsky et al., 2012; Peter & Koch, 2016; Schwarz et "
"al., 2007, 2016) were unwarranted."
)
ECKER_2020_GUIDANCE_CONCLUSION = (
"Finally, the present study suggests that exposure to a correction does not cause "
"familiarity backfire relative to a no-exposure control even with novel claims, and "
"thus corrections do not seem to spread misinformation to new audiences easily."
)
ECKER_2020_UNPUBLISHED_LINEAGE = (
"the only clear demonstration of a familiarity backfire effect was reported in an "
"unpublished manuscript by Skurnik, Yoon, and Schwarz (2007; discussed by Schwarz et "
"al., 2007)"
)
ECKER_2020_NO_BASELINE = (
"the study also did not feature a baseline condition against which to access actual “backfire.”"
)
ECKER_2020_RECRUITMENT = (
"Participants were US-based adult Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk) workers, who had "
"completed at least 5000 so-called human-intelligence tasks (HITs) with 97% + approval."
)
ECKER_2020_CLOUDRESEARCH = (
"The experiment was administered using Qualtrics survey software (Qualtrics, Provo, UT) "
"via the CloudResearch platform (formerly TurkPrime; Litman, Robinson, & Abberbock, 2017)."
)
ECKER_2020_ECKER_2011_SEARCH = (
"unlike Skurnik et al. (2005), Ecker et al. (2011) found that multiple retractions were "
"more effective than singular retractions at reducing continued influence."
)
ECKER_2020_ECKER_2017_SEARCH = (
"Likewise, Ecker, Hogan, and Lewandowsky (2017) found that repeating a piece of "
"misinformation when correcting it actually led to stronger reduction of the continued "
"influence effect than a correction that avoided misinformation repetition."
)
ECKER_2020_SWIRE_2017_SEARCH = prose(
"They, too, failed to observe any familiarity backfire effects: post-correction belief "
"in misinformation was always lower than pre-correction belief.",
"This reduction in false-claim belief was observed even under conditions where the impact "
"of familiarity (relative to recollection) should be maximal, viz. in elderly participants "
"and after a long retention interval of up to 3 weeks.",
)
PRIKE_2023_RESULT = prose(
"Across three experiments (total N = 1156) we found that standalone corrections did "
"not backfire immediately (Experiment 1) or after a one-week delay (Experiment 2).",
"However, there was some mixed evidence suggesting corrections may backfire when there "
"is skepticism regarding the correction (Experiment 3).",
"Specifically, in Experiment 3, we found the standalone correction to backfire in "
"open-ended responses, but only when there was skepticism towards the correction.",
"However, this did not replicate with the rating scales measure.",
)
PRIKE_2023_RECRUITMENT = prose(
"To account for potential exclusions and ensure ample statistical power, 283 participants "
"were recruited from the online testing platform Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk) via "
"CloudResearch (Litman et al., 2017).",
"Participants were eligible if they resided in the United States of America and had "
"previously completed more than 5000 MTurk tasks (HITs) with a minimum approval rating "
"of 97%.",
)
PRIKE_2023_ETHICS = (
"All procedures were approved by the University of Western Australia’s Human Research "
"Ethics Office (Ethics ID: RA/4/20/6423)."
)
PRIKE_2023_AUTRY_SAMPLE = (
"Additionally, Autry and Duarte only sampled undergraduates whereas our participants "
"were recruited from MTurk without any age restrictions."
)
ECKER_2023_RESULT = prose(
"We found that the myths vs. facts condition reduced vaccine misconceptions.",
"None of the conditions increased vaccine misconceptions relative to control at either "
"timepoint, or relative to a pre-intervention baseline; thus, no backfire effects were "
"observed.",
"This failure to replicate adds to the mounting evidence against familiarity backfire "
"effects and has implications for vaccination communications and the design of "
"debunking interventions.",
)
ECKER_2023_RECRUITMENT = (
"To additionally account for an expected drop-out rate of 15% between T1 and T2, a "
"convenience sample of 440 UK-based participants was recruited using Prolific."
)
ECKER_2023_MATERIALS = (
"Stimuli were taken directly from Pluviano et al. (2017) and are provided in the S1 File, "
"available at https://osf.io/dwyma/."
)
ECKER_2023_ETHICS = (
"The experiment was approved by the Human Research Ethics Office of the University of "
"Western Australia (RA/4/20/6423)."
)
AUTRY_2021_RESULT = (
"When subjects were exposed to the target concept, negated corrections reduced mentions "
"of the misinformation relative to no correction; however, when not exposed to the "
"concept, negated corrections increased mentions relative to no correction."
)
AUTRY_2021_QUALIFIER = (
"When subjects were not exposed, negated corrections increased mentions of the target "
"concept compared to no correction (although this effect was nonsignificant in Experiment 2)."
)
AUTRY_2021_TIMING_LIMIT = (
"The effects of exposure on negated corrections occurred after a 5-min delay in "
"Experiment 1 and no delay in Experiment 2; therefore, further research is necessary "
"to determine whether the increased belief from negated corrections persists over "
"longer intervals."
)
PLUVIANO_2017_RESULT = (
"This time, beliefs in the vaccines/autism link were statistically significantly higher "
"in the myths vs. facts condition compared to the visual (M = .97, SE = .22, p < .001) "
"and control condition (M = .8, SE = .22, p = .002), and in the fear condition compared "
"to visual condition (M = .67, SE = .22, p = .016)."
)
PLUVIANO_2017_LIMITATION = prose(
"Some aspects of our experimental procedures may limit the generalization of the findings.",
"Firstly, we used a convenience sample with limited variability in age and educational level.",
)
PLUVIANO_2019_RESULT = (
"Data provided support for the existence of backfire effects associated with the use of "
"the myths vs. fact format, with parents in this condition having stronger vaccine "
"misconceptions over time compared with participants in the control condition."
)
PLUVIANO_2019_DEPENDENCE = (
"We opted for a 7-day delay between the two tests as suggested by Nyhan et al.’s (2014) "
"study and to allow a straight comparison with our own previous study (Pluviano et al. 2017)."
)
THOMAS_2024_RESULT = (
"Misinformation use was significantly greater when a correction was provided without "
"licensing than when no information was provided at all."
)
THOMAS_2024_MECHANISM = (
"We suggest that the backfire effect observed in this study may be the result of a "
"violation of the Gricean maxims of communication"
)
NIBAT_2026_SCOPE = (
"Across five studies (N = 4337), this article systematically compares the competing "
"effects of repetition and correction on belief in corporate misinformation and brand "
"evaluations."
)
NIBAT_2026_RESULT = (
"This research finds no evidence of a familiarity backfire effect: in none of the studies, "
"repetition increases belief in the misinformation more than correction reduces it."
)
CAMERON_2013_KNOWLEDGE = (
"All participants’ knowledge scores increased significantly (p <0.05); those exposed to "
"the CDC Control message had a higher posttest knowledge score (adjusted mean=11.18) than "
"those in the Facts Only condition (adjusted mean 9.61, p=<0.02)."
)
CAMERON_2013_NO_COUNTERPRODUCTIVE = (
"We found no evidence that presenting both facts and myths is counterproductive to recall "
"accuracy."
)
ECKER_SHORT_2020_RESULT = (
"Regarding (1), simple retractions reduced belief in false claims, and we found no evidence "
"for a familiarity‐driven backfire effect."
)
SWIRE_THOMPSON_2022_RESULT = prose(
"In two nearly identical experiments, we conducted a longitudinal pre/post design with "
"N = 388 and 532 participants.",
"Participants rated 21 misinformation items and were assigned to a correction condition "
"or test-retest control.",
"We found that no items backfired more in the correction condition compared to test-retest "
"control or initial belief ratings.",
)
SWIRE_2017_EXPERIMENT_1_RESULT = (
"As post-manipulation belief levels remained below pre-manipulation belief levels, no "
"true backfire effect was elicited."
)
SWIRE_2017_EXPERIMENT_2_RESULT = (
"As post-manipulation myth belief levels remained below pre-manipulation belief levels, "
"no true backfire effect was elicited."
)
SWIRE_2017_CONCLUSION = (
"However, we found no evidence for the existence of a true familiarity-based backfire "
"effect."
)
GORDON_2019_RESULT = (
"Experiment 2 clarified that only-negated narratives produced significantly fewer "
"misinformation inferences than a control condition in which the misinformation was "
"never mentioned."
)
GORDON_2019_QUALIFIER = prose(
"Participants mentioned the critical information significantly less following a negation "
"than if that information was never mentioned, although the corresponding Bayesian "
"analysis indicated only very weak evidence for a difference between the two, meaning "
"that this interpretation must be made with some caution."
)
RICH_2016_EXPERIMENT_1_RESULT = (
"The correction did not reliably affect performance in the control condition (Contrast 7)."
)
RICH_2016_EXPERIMENT_2_RESULT = (
"The pattern of results replicated those of Experiment 1, with the exception that the "
"correction reduced misinformation reliance even in the control condition."
)
RICH_2016_EXPERIMENT_2_ALL_CONDITIONS = (
"there was a reliable correction effect in all three conditions (including the control "
"condition, see Contrasts 7, 8, and 9)"
)
RICH_2016_CONTROL_QUALIFIER = (
"may have, to a small extent, implicated the son as a potential suspect"
)
CARNAHAN_2020_CONTROL_RESULT = (
"participants receiving a corrective message scored four to five points (or 10–12%) "
"higher on the belief accuracy measure than those in the control group"
)
CARNAHAN_2020_PAIRWISE_RESULT = (
"pairwise comparisons between each of the correction treatment groups and the control "
"group found these differences to be statistically significant (p < .05)."
)
CARNAHAN_2020_FORMAT_NULL = "none of the coefficients on message format are significant"
CARNAHAN_2020_PROCESSING_BOUNDARY = (
"Among those in the MB processing condition, both two-sided messages outperformed the "
"one-sided message."
)
PRIKE_2023_COUNTER_SEARCH = (
"However, there is little empirical evidence in support of this familiarity backfire "
"effect (Cameron et al., 2013; Ecker et al., 2017; Ecker et al., 2020c; Ecker et al., "
"2023; Kemp et al., 2022a, 2022b; Swire et al., 2017; Wahlheim et al., 2020; for "
"reviews, see Ecker et al., 2022; Swire-Thompson et al., 2022)."
)
PRIKE_2023_GORDON_SEARCH = (
"Although these accounts offer some theoretical justification for why standalone "
"corrections may backfire, some previous studies using standalone corrections without "
"initial misinformation exposure have not found any evidence of deleterious effects "
"(Ecker et al., 2020b, 2020c; Gordon et al., 2019)."
)
NIBAT_2026_SEARCH_OVERVIEW = prose(
"Some studies report no evidence of a familiarity backfire effect (e.g., Ecker et al., "
"2019, 2023; Swire et al., 2017) and even show repetition can enhance correction "
"effectiveness (Ecker et al., 2017; Kemp et al., 2022; Wahlheim et al., 2020).",
"Other work finds that corrections increase belief in misinformation or reliance on it, "
"especially when brief and minimal, as with fact-checking labels (e.g., Berinsky, 2017; "
"Peter & Koch, 2016; Pluviano et al., 2017, 2019; Skurnik et al., 2005).",
)
WILSON_PARK_2008_METHOD = (
"Younger and older adults read positively and negatively worded statements and were "
"later tested for memory of the exact statements, statements opposite in meaning due "
"to the addition or deletion of a negation, and entirely new statements."
)
WILSON_PARK_2008_RESULT = (
"When statements reversed meanings, younger adults were more likely to accurately "
"recognize items that changed from negative to positive than were older adults, who "
"were more likely to incorrectly endorse changed items as intact when items began "
"negative and became positive than the reverse."
)
BERINSKY_2017_NO_CONTROL = "There was no control group in this experiment."
BERINSKY_2017_REHEARSAL_RESULT = (
"The increased rehearsal of the rumor – in the absence of any information about its "
"veracity – was sufficient to decrease rumor rejection rates, even when the rumor was "
"initially presented in combination with a powerful correction."
)
BERINSKY_2017_REHEARSAL_QUALIFIER = (
"though the differences are statistically significant at the 0.10 level only in the "
"‘rumor only’ condition"
)
ECKER_HOGAN_2017_RESULT = (
"Retractions that explicitly repeated the misinformation were more effective in reducing "
"misinformation effects than retractions that avoided repetition, presumably because of "
"enhanced salience."
)
ECKER_HOGAN_2017_NO_RETRACTION_RESULT = (
"any kind of retraction reduced reliance on misinformation compared to a control condition "
"with no retraction"
)
ECKER_HOGAN_2017_REPEAT_RESULT = (
"a retraction that explicitly repeated the misinformation (condition RER) lowered reliance "
"on misinformation more than a retraction that provided no reminder (condition RNR)"
)
ECKER_HOGAN_2017_ALTERNATIVE_ACCOUNT = (
"each retraction was accompanied by an alternative causal account of the event"
)
WAHLHEIM_2020_DESIGN = (
"Misinformation reminders appeared before some corrections but not others."
)
WAHLHEIM_2020_ENDPOINT = (
"Subjects then attempted to recall facts, indicated their belief in those recalls, and "
"indicated whether they remembered corrections and misinformation."
)
WAHLHEIM_2020_RESULT = "Reminders increased recall and belief accuracy."
KEMP_2022A_DESIGN = (
"Two experiments examined if one theory better accounts for memory updating after "
"participants recalled actual fake news details when reading headlines that corrected "
"misinformation."
)
KEMP_2022A_MIXED_RESULT = (
"Recalling fake news when noticing corrections in Phase 2 led to better memory for real "
"news in Phase 3 when fake news was recalled again and worse memory for real news in "
"Phase 3 when fake news was not recalled again."
)
KEMP_2022A_CONTROL_BOUNDARY = prose(
"Phase 2 included 45 headlines [15 real news from Phase 1 (Repetition); 15 real news that "
"corrected fake news from Phase 1 (Correction); and 15 real news that appeared only in "
"Phase 2 (Control)].",
"We included control headlines as a contrast condition against which to assess proactive "
"effects of fake news exposure on memory for real news headlines.",
)
KEMP_2022B_DESIGN = (
"Participants then saw labeled and unlabeled real news corrections; labeled corrections "
"appeared alone or after fake news reminders."
)
KEMP_2022B_RESULT = (
"Reminders promoted the best memory and belief accuracy, whereas veracity labels had "
"selective effects."
)
KEMP_2022B_LIMITATION = prose(
"However, this does not fully isolate the fake news reminder effect because that would "
"require a condition including fake news reminders alone (i.e., not followed by corrections)."
)
PETER_KOCH_2016_RESULT = (
"In a web-based experiment, we find evidence for a systematic backfire effect that occurs "
"after a few minutes and strengthens after five days."
)
PETER_KOCH_2016_SHARED_STIMULUS = (
"the journalist reported eight scientific statements about the test and identified each "
"statement immediately as true or false, followed by a short explanation"
)
PETER_KOCH_2016_RANDOMIZATION = (
"Participants were randomly assigned to one of the two conditions."
)
PETER_KOCH_2016_MEASURE = (
"For each claim, we asked participants to indicate whether it was labeled as “true” or "
"“false” in the article or whether it had not been presented in the article (“new”)."
)
PETER_KOCH_2016_ERROR_DEFINITION = (
"labeling an originally false statement as true (backfire error)"
)
def source_works() -> list[dict[str, Any]]:
return [
{
"key": "work-skurnik-2005",
"kind": "paper",
"title": "How Warnings about False Claims Become Recommendations",
"creators": ["Ian Skurnik", "Carolyn Yoon", "Denise C. Park", "Norbert Schwarz"],
"canonical_uri": "https://doi.org/10.1086/426605",
"license": (
"All rights reserved in the examined journal PDF; only two short attributed "
"abstract sentences are retained and the PDF is not redistributed."
),
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "work-handbook-2011",
"kind": "webpage",
"title": "The Debunking Handbook Part 2: The Familiarity Backfire Effect",
"creators": ["John Cook", "Stephan Lewandowsky"],
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"https://skepticalscience.com/"
"Debunking-Handbook-Part-2-Familiarity-Backfire-Effect.html"
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"license": (
"Copyright notice present and no page-wide reuse license confirmed; only "
"short attributed excerpts and one bibliographic reference are retained."
),
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "work-schwarz-2016",
"kind": "paper",
"title": "Making the Truth Stick & the Myths Fade: Lessons from Cognitive Psychology",
"creators": ["Norbert Schwarz", "Eryn Newman", "William Leach"],
"canonical_uri": "https://doi.org/10.1177/237946151600200110",
"license": (
"No article-specific Creative Commons grant was visible in the exact 2016 "
"publisher rendition; it is treated as restricted and only quote-minimal "
"transcript extents and metadata are retained."
),
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "work-peter-koch-2016",
"kind": "paper",
"title": "When Debunking Scientific Myths Fails (and When It Does Not)",
"creators": ["Christina Peter", "Thomas Koch"],
"canonical_uri": "https://doi.org/10.1177/1075547015613523",
"license": (
"The LMU institutional full text carries no confirmed open reuse grant; only "
"quote-minimal attributed result and method spans are retained and the PDF "
"is not redistributed."
),
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "work-wilson-park-2008",
"kind": "paper",
"title": "A Case for Clarity in the Writing of Health Statements",
"creators": ["Elizabeth A. H. Wilson", "Denise C. Park"],
"canonical_uri": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2008.02.008",
"license": (
"No open article reuse license was confirmed; only two quote-minimal "
"attributed PubMed abstract spans are retained."
),
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "work-berinsky-2017",
"kind": "paper",
"title": "Rumors and Health Care Reform: Experiments in Political Misinformation",
"creators": ["Adam J. Berinsky"],
"canonical_uri": "https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123415000186",
"license": (
"No open reuse license was confirmed for the author-hosted journal PDF; only "
"three quote-minimal attributed design, result, and qualifier spans are retained."
),
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "work-cameron-2013",
"kind": "paper",
"title": (
"Patient Knowledge and Recall of Health Information Following Exposure to "
"\u201cFacts and Myths\u201d Message Format Variations"
),
"creators": [
"Kenzie A. Cameron",
"Michael E. Roloff",
"Elisha M. Friesema",
"Tiffany Brown",
"Borko D. Jovanovic",
"Sara Hauber",
"David W. Baker",
],
"canonical_uri": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2013.06.017",
"license": (
"The examined NCBI author-manuscript XML permits text mining and fair-use "
"treatment but states no open reuse license; only short attributed abstract "
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),
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "work-ecker-2020",
"kind": "paper",
"title": (
"Can corrections spread misinformation to new audiences? Testing for the "
"elusive familiarity backfire effect"
),
"creators": ["Ullrich K. H. Ecker", "Stephan Lewandowsky", "Matthew Chadwick"],
"canonical_uri": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s41235-020-00241-6",
"license": "Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).",
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "work-ecker-short-2020",
"kind": "paper",
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"creators": ["Ullrich K. H. Ecker", "Ziggy O’Reilly", "Jesse S. Reid", "Ee Pin Chang"],
"canonical_uri": "https://doi.org/10.1111/bjop.12383",
"license": (
"Crossref identifies both accepted-manuscript and version-of-record content "
"as Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0; one short "
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),
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},
{
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"Misinformation lingers in memory: Failure of three pro-vaccination strategies"
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"Parents’ beliefs in misinformation about vaccines are strengthened by "
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"Sara Pluviano",
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"Examined accepted manuscript retains author or publisher rights; two short "
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),
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},
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def editions() -> list[dict[str, Any]]:
return [
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"work-skurnik-2005",
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excerpt("PDF page 1; journal page 713; abstract sentences 1–2", SKURNIK_SUMMARY)
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"work-handbook-2011",
"Live HTML page including 2017 and 2020 update notices; excerpt packet",
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{
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excerpt("2011 body; paragraph beginning 'How does one avoid'", HANDBOOK_ADVICE),
excerpt("2011 body; flu-vaccine flyer description", HANDBOOK_EXPERIMENT),
excerpt("2011 body; 30-minute delayed result", HANDBOOK_DELAY),
excerpt("References; item 1", HANDBOOK_REFERENCE),
excerpt("2020 update notice", HANDBOOK_UPDATE),
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),
edition(
"edition-schwarz-2016",
"work-schwarz-2016",
"Publisher PDF, volume 2 issue 1, pages 85–95; independently read excerpt packet",
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{
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"PDF page 1; abstract opening",
SCHWARZ_CLAIM,
verification="independent-readback",
),
excerpt(
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SCHWARZ_SKURNIK_2005_DELAY,
verification="independent-readback",
),
excerpt(
"PDF page 6; journal page 90; 2005 older-adult sentence",
SCHWARZ_SKURNIK_2005_OLDER,
verification="independent-readback",
),
excerpt(
"PDF page 7; journal page 91; flu-flyer memory sentence",
SCHWARZ_FLU_2007_MEMORY,
verification="independent-readback",
),
excerpt(
"PDF page 7; journal page 91; flu-flyer intentions sentence",
SCHWARZ_FLU_2007_INTENTIONS,
verification="independent-readback",
),
excerpt(
"PDF page 10; reference 6",
SCHWARZ_REFERENCE_6,
verification="independent-readback",
),
excerpt(
"PDF page 10; reference 42",
SCHWARZ_REFERENCE,
verification="independent-readback",
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"work-peter-koch-2016",
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excerpt("PDF p. 1; abstract result", PETER_KOCH_2016_RESULT),
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),
excerpt(
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PETER_KOCH_2016_RANDOMIZATION,
),
excerpt(
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PETER_KOCH_2016_MEASURE,
),
excerpt(
"PDF p. 12 / journal p. 14; backfire-error definition",
PETER_KOCH_2016_ERROR_DEFINITION,
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},
retrieved_at=SEARCH_LEDGER_RETRIEVED_AT,
),
edition(
"edition-wilson-park-2008",
"work-wilson-park-2008",
"PubMed XML record, PMID 18394856; abstract excerpt packet",
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excerpt("PubMed abstract; Methods", WILSON_PARK_2008_METHOD),
excerpt("PubMed abstract; Results", WILSON_PARK_2008_RESULT),
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retrieved_at="2026-08-22T17:30:16Z",
),
edition(
"edition-berinsky-2017",
"work-berinsky-2017",
"Author-hosted Cambridge journal PDF, 22 pages; excerpt packet",
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{
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excerpt(
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excerpt("BioC abstract; knowledge-score result", CAMERON_2013_KNOWLEDGE),
excerpt(
"BioC abstract; no-counterproductive-recall conclusion",
CAMERON_2013_NO_COUNTERPRODUCTIVE,
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retrieved_at="2026-08-22T16:12:27Z",
),
edition(
"edition-ecker-2020",
"work-ecker-2020",
"Europe PMC JATS XML, PMCID PMC7447737; excerpt packet",
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excerpt("General discussion; opening result sentences", ECKER_2020_RESULT),
excerpt(
"General discussion; practical implications opening",
ECKER_2020_GUIDANCE_OVERREACH,
),
excerpt(
"General discussion; practical implications conclusion",
ECKER_2020_GUIDANCE_CONCLUSION,
),
excerpt(
"Introduction; paragraph 7; unpublished 2007 lineage",
ECKER_2020_UNPUBLISHED_LINEAGE,
),
excerpt(
"Introduction; paragraph 7; missing-baseline qualification",
ECKER_2020_NO_BASELINE,
),
excerpt("Experiment 1; participants", ECKER_2020_RECRUITMENT),
excerpt(
"Experiment 1; procedure; administration platform",
ECKER_2020_CLOUDRESEARCH,
),
excerpt(
"Introduction; paragraph 8; Ecker et al. 2011 search exclusion",
ECKER_2020_ECKER_2011_SEARCH,
),
excerpt(
"Introduction; paragraph 8; Ecker et al. 2017 search exclusion",
ECKER_2020_ECKER_2017_SEARCH,
),
excerpt(
"Introduction; paragraph 8; Swire et al. 2017 search lead",
ECKER_2020_SWIRE_2017_SEARCH,
),
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},
),
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"edition-ecker-short-2020",
"work-ecker-short-2020",
"Crossref deposited abstract record; excerpt packet",
"application/json",
{
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},
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excerpt("Crossref abstract; simple-retraction result", ECKER_SHORT_2020_RESULT)
],
},
retrieved_at="2026-08-22T16:12:15Z",
),
edition(
"edition-ecker-hogan-2017",
"work-ecker-hogan-2017",
"Bristol accepted manuscript, 40 pages; excerpt packet",
"application/json",
{
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),
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},
],
"custody": (
"The institutional endpoint regenerates a timestamped cover. Two raw "
"captures produced byte-identical pdftotext output; only four exact "
"result and method extents are committed and the PDF is not redistributed."
),
},
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excerpt("Accepted manuscript p. 3; abstract result", ECKER_HOGAN_2017_RESULT),
excerpt(
"Accepted manuscript p. 18; retraction-versus-control result",
ECKER_HOGAN_2017_NO_RETRACTION_RESULT,
verification="independent-readback",
),
excerpt(
"Accepted manuscript p. 18; explicit-repeat contrast",
ECKER_HOGAN_2017_REPEAT_RESULT,
verification="independent-readback",
),
excerpt(
"Accepted manuscript p. 18; alternative-account qualifier",
ECKER_HOGAN_2017_ALTERNATIVE_ACCOUNT,
),
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},
retrieved_at="2026-08-22T17:32:32Z",
),
edition(
"edition-wahlheim-2020",
"work-wahlheim-2020",
"Coauthor-lab publisher PDF, 15 pages; abstract excerpt packet",
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{
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"custody": (
"Two byte-identical coauthor-lab PDF retrievals; only exact "
"quote-minimal abstract spans are committed."
),
},
"excerpts": [
excerpt("PDF p. 1; abstract design", WAHLHEIM_2020_DESIGN),
excerpt("PDF p. 1; abstract endpoint", WAHLHEIM_2020_ENDPOINT),
excerpt("PDF p. 1; abstract result", WAHLHEIM_2020_RESULT),
],
},
retrieved_at="2026-08-22T17:32:34Z",
),
edition(
"edition-kemp-2022a",
"work-kemp-2022a",
"Europe PMC JATS XML, PMCID PMC9481799; abstract excerpt packet",
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{
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"Two byte-identical CC BY 4.0 XML retrievals; only exact abstract "
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),
},
"excerpts": [
excerpt("JATS abstract; design", KEMP_2022A_DESIGN),
excerpt("JATS abstract; mixed conditional result", KEMP_2022A_MIXED_RESULT),
excerpt("JATS Par21; control-endpoint boundary", KEMP_2022A_CONTROL_BOUNDARY),
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},
retrieved_at="2026-08-22T17:32:36Z",
),
edition(
"edition-kemp-2022b",
"work-kemp-2022b",
"Europe PMC JATS XML, PMCID PMC9758464; abstract excerpt packet",
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{
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"Two byte-identical CC BY 4.0 XML retrievals; only exact abstract "
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),
},
"excerpts": [
excerpt("JATS abstract; correction/reminder design", KEMP_2022B_DESIGN),
excerpt("JATS abstract; reminder result", KEMP_2022B_RESULT),
excerpt("JATS Par27; reminder-isolation limitation", KEMP_2022B_LIMITATION),
],
},
retrieved_at="2026-08-22T17:32:37Z",
),
edition(
"edition-carnahan-garrett-2020",
"work-carnahan-garrett-2020",
"Oxford Academic publisher HTML, volume 32 issue 3, pages 530–546; excerpt packet",
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{
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"bytes": None,
"custody": (
"Authoritative publisher HTML independently readable through web "
"read-back; automated byte capture returned HTTP 403."
),
},
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excerpt(
"Study 2 results; paragraph beginning 'Next we tested'; control contrast",
CARNAHAN_2020_CONTROL_RESULT,
verification="independent-readback",
),
excerpt(
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CARNAHAN_2020_PAIRWISE_RESULT,
verification="independent-readback",
),
excerpt(
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CARNAHAN_2020_FORMAT_NULL,
verification="independent-readback",
),
excerpt(
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CARNAHAN_2020_PROCESSING_BOUNDARY,
verification="independent-readback",
),
],
},
retrieved_at=SEARCH_LEDGER_RETRIEVED_AT,
),
edition(
"edition-rich-zaragoza-2016",
"work-rich-zaragoza-2016",
"APA journal PDF, volume 42 issue 1, pages 62–74; read-back excerpt packet",
"application/json",
{
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"https://www.apa.org/pubs/journals/features/xlm-0000155.pdf"
),
"sha256": None,
"bytes": None,
"custody": (
"Authoritative APA PDF independently readable through indexed "
"read-back; automated byte capture was blocked by anti-bot HTML."
),
},
"excerpts": [
excerpt(
"PDF p. 5 / journal p. 66; Experiment 1 correction effect",
RICH_2016_EXPERIMENT_1_RESULT,
verification="independent-readback",
),
excerpt(
"PDF p. 7 / journal p. 68; Experiment 2 control result",
RICH_2016_EXPERIMENT_2_RESULT,
verification="independent-readback",
),
excerpt(
"PDF p. 7 / journal p. 68; Experiment 2 correction effects",
RICH_2016_EXPERIMENT_2_ALL_CONDITIONS,
verification="independent-readback",
),
excerpt(
"PDF p. 5 / journal p. 66; control-story qualifier",
RICH_2016_CONTROL_QUALIFIER,
verification="independent-readback",
),
],
},
retrieved_at=SEARCH_LEDGER_RETRIEVED_AT,
),
edition(
"edition-swire-2017",
"work-swire-2017",
"Coauthor-lab accepted manuscript, 46 pages; excerpt packet",
"application/json",
{
"artifact": {
"retrieved_from": (
"https://www.emc-lab.org/uploads/1/1/3/6/113627673/"
"swire.2017.jeplmc.pdf"
),
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"bytes": 654850,
"custody": (
"Two byte-identical coauthor-lab PDF retrievals; only exact "
"quote-minimal result sentences are committed."
),
},
"excerpts": [
excerpt(
"Manuscript p. 16; Experiment 1 result",
SWIRE_2017_EXPERIMENT_1_RESULT,
),
excerpt(
"Manuscript p. 22; Experiment 2 result",
SWIRE_2017_EXPERIMENT_2_RESULT,
),
excerpt("Manuscript p. 30; discussion conclusion", SWIRE_2017_CONCLUSION),
],
},
retrieved_at=SEARCH_LEDGER_RETRIEVED_AT,
),
edition(
"edition-gordon-2019",
"work-gordon-2019",
"Coauthor-lab preprint, 41 pages; excerpt packet",
"application/json",
{
"artifact": {
"retrieved_from": (
"https://www.emc-lab.org/uploads/1/1/3/6/113627673/"
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),
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"custody": (
"Two byte-identical coauthor-lab PDF retrievals; only one exact "
"quote-minimal result sentence is committed."
),
},
"excerpts": [
excerpt("Preprint p. 32; Experiment 2 discussion", GORDON_2019_RESULT),
excerpt("Preprint p. 24; Bayesian result qualifier", GORDON_2019_QUALIFIER),
],
},
retrieved_at=SEARCH_LEDGER_RETRIEVED_AT,
),
edition(
"edition-prike-2023",
"work-prike-2023",
"Europe PMC JATS XML, PMCID PMC10317933; excerpt packet",
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{
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"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC10317933/fullTextXML"
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},
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excerpt("Abstract; results and qualification sentences", PRIKE_2023_RESULT),
excerpt("Experiment 1; participants", PRIKE_2023_RECRUITMENT),
excerpt("Ethics approval", PRIKE_2023_ETHICS),
excerpt("General discussion; sample comparison", PRIKE_2023_AUTRY_SAMPLE),
excerpt(
"Introduction; bounded counterevidence search",
PRIKE_2023_COUNTER_SEARCH,
),
excerpt("Introduction; standalone-correction search", PRIKE_2023_GORDON_SEARCH),
],
},
),
edition(
"edition-ecker-2023",
"work-ecker-2023",
"Europe PMC JATS XML, PMCID PMC10096191.1; excerpt packet",
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{
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"custody": "Temporary CC BY 4.0 XML download; exact excerpts committed.",
},
"excerpts": [
excerpt("Abstract; outcome sentences", ECKER_2023_RESULT),
excerpt("Method; participants", ECKER_2023_RECRUITMENT),
excerpt("Method; materials source", ECKER_2023_MATERIALS),
excerpt("Method; ethics approval", ECKER_2023_ETHICS),
],
},
),
edition(
"edition-autry-2021",
"work-autry-2021",
"Publisher-deposited Crossref record plus publisher HTML qualifier; excerpt packet",
"application/json",
{
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"custody": (
"Temporary Crossref JSON capture; publisher HTML qualifier was read "
"separately and requires independent read-back."
),
},
"excerpts": [
excerpt("Crossref abstract; result sentence", AUTRY_2021_RESULT),
excerpt(
"Publisher HTML; general discussion; qualified result",
AUTRY_2021_QUALIFIER,
verification="independent-readback",
),
excerpt(
"Publisher HTML; limitations; timing and persistence",
AUTRY_2021_TIMING_LIMIT,
verification="independent-readback",
),
],
"data_artifacts": [
{
"label": "Experiment 1 inference data",
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"https://api.osf.io/v2/licenses/563c1cf88c5e4a3877f9e96c/"
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"the workbook identity and digest are recorded, while its bytes "
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),
},
{
"label": "Experiment 2 inference data",
"project_uri": "https://osf.io/yweu6/",
"file_id": "5df17dfc18536f000c8e4c72",
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"https://api.osf.io/v2/licenses/563c1cf88c5e4a3877f9e96c/"
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"The OSF project yweu6 declares CC0 1.0 Universal at project scope; "
"the workbook identity and digest are recorded, while its bytes "
"remain outside the repository."
),
},
],
"readback_sources": [
{
"label": "Wiley version-of-record HTML",
"retrieved_from": ("https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/acp.3823"),
"custody": (
"Exact qualifier and timing spans require independent publisher "
"read-back; automated full-page capture returned HTTP 403."
),
}
],
},
retrieved_at=CORRECTION_RETRIEVED_AT,
),
edition(
"edition-pluviano-2017",
"work-pluviano-2017",
"PLOS JATS XML; excerpt packet",
"application/json",
{
"artifact": {
"retrieved_from": (
"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/europepmc/webservices/rest/PMC5547702/fullTextXML"
),
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"bytes": 114003,
"custody": "Temporary CC BY 4.0 XML capture; exact excerpt committed.",
},
"excerpts": [
excerpt("Results; beliefs in vaccines/autism link", PLUVIANO_2017_RESULT),
excerpt("Discussion; limitations paragraph 8", PLUVIANO_2017_LIMITATION),
],
},
retrieved_at=CORRECTION_RETRIEVED_AT,
),
edition(
"edition-pluviano-2019",
"work-pluviano-2019",
"University of Edinburgh accepted manuscript; excerpt packet",
"application/json",
{
"artifact": {
"retrieved_from": (
"https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/82242964/"
"Parents_belief_in_misinformation.pdf"
),
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"semantic_method": "pdftotext SOURCE.pdf -; raw stdout bytes",
"sha256": None,
"bytes": None,
"captures": [
{
"retrieved_at": CORRECTION_RETRIEVED_AT,
"sha256": (
"42968a50225e7ef7c65afd35742d2fc47eec5bf0c394faca48543850c1b5fb60"
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{
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"97b7132942e3ad7772bcd0123334429fbfc3bc1169975dc26ea7dccac3be0c71"
),
"bytes": 762139,
},
],
"custody": (
"The institutional endpoint regenerates a timestamped cover, so raw PDF "
"digests are capture-specific. Two raw captures produced byte-identical "
"pdftotext output; only short excerpts are committed and the PDF is not "
"redistributed."
),
},
"excerpts": [
excerpt("Accepted manuscript page 2; abstract", PLUVIANO_2019_RESULT),
excerpt(
"Accepted manuscript procedure; comparison with prior study",
PLUVIANO_2019_DEPENDENCE,
),
],
},
retrieved_at=CORRECTION_RETRIEVED_AT,
),
edition(
"edition-thomas-2024",
"work-thomas-2024",
"Publisher-deposited Crossref record; excerpt packet",
"application/json",
{
"artifact": {
"retrieved_from": "https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1002/acp.70004",
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"bytes": 11291,
"custody": "Temporary Crossref JSON capture; article is not redistributed.",
},
"excerpts": [
excerpt("Crossref abstract; result sentence", THOMAS_2024_RESULT),
excerpt(
"Crossref abstract; mechanism sentence fragment", THOMAS_2024_MECHANISM
),
],
"data_artifacts": [
{
"label": "Study data workbook",
"project_uri": "https://osf.io/y65ke/",
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"retrieved_from": "https://osf.io/download/fg3dy/",
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"No separate OSF data license was confirmed; identity and digest "
"only, with workbook bytes kept outside the repository."
),
}
],
},
retrieved_at=CORRECTION_RETRIEVED_AT,
),
edition(
"edition-swire-thompson-2022",
"work-swire-thompson-2022",
"NCBI BioC XML, PMCID PMC9283209; author-manuscript excerpt packet",
"application/json",
{
"artifact": {
"retrieved_from": (
"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/research/bionlp/RESTful/"
"pmcoa.cgi/BioC_xml/PMC9283209/unicode"
),
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"bytes": 93558,
"custody": (
"Two byte-identical NCBI BioC XML retrievals; only exact abstract "
"results are committed in the excerpt packet."
),
},
"excerpts": [
excerpt(
"BioC abstract; design, controls, and no-backfire result",
SWIRE_THOMPSON_2022_RESULT,
)
],
},
retrieved_at="2026-08-22T16:12:27Z",
),
edition(
"edition-nibat-2026",
"work-nibat-2026",
"Sabanci University author-deposited Elsevier corrected proof; excerpt packet",
"application/json",
{
"artifact": {
"retrieved_from": (
"https://research.sabanciuniv.edu/id/eprint/54047/1/Familiarity.pdf"
),
"landing_page": "https://research.sabanciuniv.edu/id/eprint/54047/",
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"bytes": 2525138,
"custody": "Temporary CC BY 4.0 PDF download; exact excerpts committed.",
},
"excerpts": [
excerpt("PDF page 1; abstract scope", NIBAT_2026_SCOPE),
excerpt("PDF page 1; abstract result", NIBAT_2026_RESULT),
excerpt(
"PDF page 3; bounded literature overview",
NIBAT_2026_SEARCH_OVERVIEW,
),
],
},
retrieved_at=CORRECTION_RETRIEVED_AT,
),
]
def build_candidate() -> dict[str, Any]:
spans = [
span(
"span-skurnik-summary",
"edition-skurnik-2005",
0,
"PDF p. 1 / journal p. 713, abstract sentences 1–2",
SKURNIK_SUMMARY,
),
span(
"span-handbook-claim",
"edition-handbook-2011",
0,
"2011 body claim",
HANDBOOK_CLAIM,
),
span(
"span-handbook-advice",
"edition-handbook-2011",
1,
"2011 body advice",
HANDBOOK_ADVICE,
),
span(
"span-handbook-experiment",
"edition-handbook-2011",
2,
"2011 body flu-vaccine flyer description",
HANDBOOK_EXPERIMENT,
),
span(
"span-handbook-delay",
"edition-handbook-2011",
3,
"2011 body 30-minute delayed result",
HANDBOOK_DELAY,
),
span(
"span-handbook-reference",
"edition-handbook-2011",
4,
"Reference 1",
HANDBOOK_REFERENCE,
),
span(
"span-handbook-update",
"edition-handbook-2011",
5,
"2020 update notice",
HANDBOOK_UPDATE,
),
span(
"span-schwarz-claim",
"edition-schwarz-2016",
0,
"Publisher HTML abstract opening",
SCHWARZ_CLAIM,
),
span(
"span-schwarz-skurnik-2005-delay",
"edition-schwarz-2016",
1,
"PDF p. 6 / journal p. 90, delayed result sentence",
SCHWARZ_SKURNIK_2005_DELAY,
),
span(
"span-schwarz-skurnik-2005-older",
"edition-schwarz-2016",
2,
"PDF p. 6 / journal p. 90, older-adult sentence",
SCHWARZ_SKURNIK_2005_OLDER,
),
span(
"span-schwarz-flu-2007-memory",
"edition-schwarz-2016",
3,
"PDF p. 7 / journal p. 91, flu-flyer memory sentence",
SCHWARZ_FLU_2007_MEMORY,
),
span(
"span-schwarz-flu-2007-intentions",
"edition-schwarz-2016",
4,
"PDF p. 7 / journal p. 91, flu-flyer intentions sentence",
SCHWARZ_FLU_2007_INTENTIONS,
),
span(
"span-schwarz-reference-6",
"edition-schwarz-2016",
5,
"PDF p. 10, reference 6",
SCHWARZ_REFERENCE_6,
),
span(
"span-schwarz-reference-42",
"edition-schwarz-2016",
6,
"PDF p. 10, reference 42",
SCHWARZ_REFERENCE,
),
span(
"span-ecker-2020-result",
"edition-ecker-2020",
0,
"General discussion result",
ECKER_2020_RESULT,
),
span(
"span-ecker-2020-guidance-overreach",
"edition-ecker-2020",
1,
"General discussion practical implications opening",
ECKER_2020_GUIDANCE_OVERREACH,
),
span(
"span-ecker-2020-guidance-conclusion",
"edition-ecker-2020",
2,
"General discussion practical implications conclusion",
ECKER_2020_GUIDANCE_CONCLUSION,
),
span(
"span-ecker-2020-unpublished-lineage",
"edition-ecker-2020",
3,
"Introduction paragraph 7, unpublished 2007 lineage",
ECKER_2020_UNPUBLISHED_LINEAGE,
),
span(
"span-ecker-2020-no-baseline",
"edition-ecker-2020",
4,
"Introduction paragraph 7, missing-baseline qualification",
ECKER_2020_NO_BASELINE,
),
span(
"span-ecker-2020-recruitment",
"edition-ecker-2020",
5,
"Experiment 1 participants",
ECKER_2020_RECRUITMENT,
),
span(
"span-ecker-2020-cloudresearch",
"edition-ecker-2020",
6,
"Experiment 1 procedure administration platform",
ECKER_2020_CLOUDRESEARCH,
),
span(
"span-ecker-2020-ecker-2011-search",
"edition-ecker-2020",
7,
"Introduction paragraph 8 Ecker et al. 2011 exclusion",
ECKER_2020_ECKER_2011_SEARCH,
),
span(
"span-ecker-2020-ecker-2017-search",
"edition-ecker-2020",
8,
"Introduction paragraph 8 Ecker et al. 2017 exclusion",
ECKER_2020_ECKER_2017_SEARCH,
),
span(
"span-ecker-2020-swire-2017-search",
"edition-ecker-2020",
9,
"Introduction paragraph 8 Swire et al. 2017 search lead",
ECKER_2020_SWIRE_2017_SEARCH,
),
span(
"span-peter-koch-2016-result",
"edition-peter-koch-2016",
0,
"Crossref abstract web-experiment result",
PETER_KOCH_2016_RESULT,
),
span(
"span-peter-koch-2016-shared-stimulus",
"edition-peter-koch-2016",
1,
"PDF p. 10 / journal p. 12, shared myths-and-facts stimulus",
PETER_KOCH_2016_SHARED_STIMULUS,
),
span(
"span-peter-koch-2016-randomization",
"edition-peter-koch-2016",
2,
"PDF p. 11 / journal p. 13, randomized instruction condition",
PETER_KOCH_2016_RANDOMIZATION,
),
span(
"span-peter-koch-2016-measure",
"edition-peter-koch-2016",
3,
"PDF p. 11 / journal p. 13, truth-memory measure",
PETER_KOCH_2016_MEASURE,
),
span(
"span-peter-koch-2016-error-definition",
"edition-peter-koch-2016",
4,
"PDF p. 12 / journal p. 14, backfire-error definition",
PETER_KOCH_2016_ERROR_DEFINITION,
),
span(
"span-wilson-park-2008-method",
"edition-wilson-park-2008",
0,
"PubMed abstract, Methods",
WILSON_PARK_2008_METHOD,
),
span(
"span-wilson-park-2008-result",
"edition-wilson-park-2008",
1,
"PubMed abstract, Results",
WILSON_PARK_2008_RESULT,
),
span(
"span-berinsky-2017-no-control",
"edition-berinsky-2017",
0,
"PDF p. 14 / journal p. 254, Study 2 design",
BERINSKY_2017_NO_CONTROL,
),
span(
"span-berinsky-2017-rehearsal-result",
"edition-berinsky-2017",
1,
"PDF p. 17 / journal p. 257, rehearsal result",
BERINSKY_2017_REHEARSAL_RESULT,
),
span(
"span-berinsky-2017-rehearsal-qualifier",
"edition-berinsky-2017",
2,
"PDF p. 17 / journal p. 257, correction-arm significance qualifier",
BERINSKY_2017_REHEARSAL_QUALIFIER,
),
span(
"span-cameron-2013-knowledge",
"edition-cameron-2013",
0,
"BioC abstract knowledge-score result",
CAMERON_2013_KNOWLEDGE,
),
span(
"span-cameron-2013-no-counterproductive",
"edition-cameron-2013",
1,
"BioC abstract no-counterproductive-recall conclusion",
CAMERON_2013_NO_COUNTERPRODUCTIVE,
),
span(
"span-ecker-short-2020-result",
"edition-ecker-short-2020",
0,
"Crossref abstract simple-retraction result",
ECKER_SHORT_2020_RESULT,
),
span(
"span-ecker-hogan-2017-result",
"edition-ecker-hogan-2017",
0,
"Accepted manuscript p. 3, abstract result",
ECKER_HOGAN_2017_RESULT,
),
span(
"span-ecker-hogan-2017-no-retraction-result",
"edition-ecker-hogan-2017",
1,
"Accepted manuscript p. 18, retraction-versus-control result",
ECKER_HOGAN_2017_NO_RETRACTION_RESULT,
),
span(
"span-ecker-hogan-2017-repeat-result",
"edition-ecker-hogan-2017",
2,
"Accepted manuscript p. 18, explicit-repeat contrast",
ECKER_HOGAN_2017_REPEAT_RESULT,
),
span(
"span-ecker-hogan-2017-alternative-account",
"edition-ecker-hogan-2017",
3,
"Accepted manuscript p. 18, alternative-account qualifier",
ECKER_HOGAN_2017_ALTERNATIVE_ACCOUNT,
),
span(
"span-wahlheim-2020-design",
"edition-wahlheim-2020",
0,
"PDF p. 1, abstract design",
WAHLHEIM_2020_DESIGN,
),
span(
"span-wahlheim-2020-endpoint",
"edition-wahlheim-2020",
1,
"PDF p. 1, abstract endpoint",
WAHLHEIM_2020_ENDPOINT,
),
span(
"span-wahlheim-2020-result",
"edition-wahlheim-2020",
2,
"PDF p. 1, abstract result",
WAHLHEIM_2020_RESULT,
),
span(
"span-kemp-2022a-design",
"edition-kemp-2022a",
0,
"JATS abstract, design",
KEMP_2022A_DESIGN,
),
span(
"span-kemp-2022a-mixed-result",
"edition-kemp-2022a",
1,
"JATS abstract, mixed conditional result",
KEMP_2022A_MIXED_RESULT,
),
span(
"span-kemp-2022a-control-boundary",
"edition-kemp-2022a",
2,
"JATS Par21, control-endpoint boundary",
KEMP_2022A_CONTROL_BOUNDARY,
),
span(
"span-kemp-2022b-design",
"edition-kemp-2022b",
0,
"JATS abstract, correction/reminder design",
KEMP_2022B_DESIGN,
),
span(
"span-kemp-2022b-result",
"edition-kemp-2022b",
1,
"JATS abstract, reminder result",
KEMP_2022B_RESULT,
),
span(
"span-kemp-2022b-limitation",
"edition-kemp-2022b",
2,
"JATS Par27, reminder-isolation limitation",
KEMP_2022B_LIMITATION,
),
span(
"span-carnahan-2020-control-result",
"edition-carnahan-garrett-2020",
0,
"Study 2 results, correction-versus-control result",
CARNAHAN_2020_CONTROL_RESULT,
),
span(
"span-carnahan-2020-pairwise-result",
"edition-carnahan-garrett-2020",
1,
"Study 2 results, control-pairwise result",
CARNAHAN_2020_PAIRWISE_RESULT,
),
span(
"span-carnahan-2020-format-null",
"edition-carnahan-garrett-2020",
2,
"Study 2 results, message-format null",
CARNAHAN_2020_FORMAT_NULL,
),
span(
"span-carnahan-2020-processing-boundary",
"edition-carnahan-garrett-2020",
3,
"Study 2 results, memory-based processing boundary",
CARNAHAN_2020_PROCESSING_BOUNDARY,
),
span(
"span-rich-2016-experiment-1-result",
"edition-rich-zaragoza-2016",
0,
"PDF p. 5 / journal p. 66, Experiment 1 correction effect",
RICH_2016_EXPERIMENT_1_RESULT,
),
span(
"span-rich-2016-experiment-2-result",
"edition-rich-zaragoza-2016",
1,
"PDF p. 7 / journal p. 68, Experiment 2 control result",
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propositions = [
{
"key": "prop-general-backfire",
"text": (
"Repeating misinformation inside an evidence-based correction generally "
"makes recipients believe or rely on the misinformation more than a "
"no-correction or pre-correction baseline."
),
"scope": (
"Group-level familiarity backfire from corrective repetition; excludes "
"continued influence, worldview backfire, and one-person anecdotes."
),
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "prop-older-adult-result",
"text": (
"Skurnik et al. reported delayed misremembering of warned-against consumer "
"claims among older adults in two experiments, but the study lacked the "
"no-correction or pre-correction baseline required by this dossier’s target."
),
"scope": "Older adults, consumer claims, and the tested delays in the 2005 paper.",
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "prop-guidance-overreach",
"text": (
"Some communicator guidance advised avoiding repetition more generally than "
"the later experimental record warranted."
),
"scope": "The recommendation sources named by Ecker et al. 2020.",
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "prop-skepticism-boundary",
"text": (
"Skepticism toward a correction may be a boundary condition under which a "
"standalone correction can backfire on some measures."
),
"scope": (
"Prike et al. 2023 Experiment 3; open-ended response result did not repeat "
"on the rating-scale measure."
),
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "prop-flu-flyer-result",
"text": (
"An unpublished 2007 study reportedly found worse myth classification and "
"lower flu-vaccination intentions after a myths-and-facts flyer than in the "
"relevant control conditions."
),
"scope": (
"Skurnik, Yoon, and Schwarz 2007 participant data as described in later "
"publications; the manuscript and participant-level record remain unavailable."
),
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "prop-unlicensed-negation-boundary",
"text": (
"A standalone negated correction can increase later use of a previously unseen "
"claim when the negation lacks contextual licensing, although the exact effect "
"did not reach significance in every experiment."
),
"scope": (
"Autry and Duarte 2021 and Thomas and Autry 2024; novel or unexpected negated "
"details, not all correction formats."
),
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "prop-vaccine-myths-boundary",
"text": (
"Two vaccine-message studies reported delayed outcomes worse than control for "
"myths-and-facts formats, while a later direct replication using the same "
"materials did not reproduce the effect."
),
"scope": (
"Pluviano et al. 2017 and 2019 positive reports and Ecker et al. 2023 "
"replication; vaccine beliefs and intentions in their tested samples."
),
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "prop-peter-koch-boundary",
"text": (
"Peter and Koch reported a delayed backfire effect after journalistic "
"myth-and-fact coverage, but all participants read the correction article "
"and the study had no no-correction or pre-correction belief baseline."
),
"scope": (
"Peter and Koch 2016 web experiment; truth-memory errors after the shared "
"article, not target-comparable belief or reliance above baseline."
),
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "prop-cameron-flu-result",
"text": (
"Cameron et al. found knowledge gains across flu-message conditions and no "
"evidence that presenting facts and myths was counterproductive to recall "
"accuracy."
),
"scope": (
"Cameron et al. 2013 randomized flu-message study; knowledge and recall "
"outcomes over the tested one-week interval."
),
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "prop-short-format-result",
"text": (
"Simple retractions reduced false-claim belief and did not show a "
"familiarity-driven backfire effect in the Ecker et al. short-format series."
),
"scope": "Ecker et al. 2020 short-format fact-check experiments and tested delays.",
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "prop-ecker-hogan-2017-result",
"text": (
"In Ecker, Hogan, and Lewandowsky 2017, every retraction reduced "
"misinformation reliance relative to no retraction, and a retraction that "
"explicitly repeated the misinformation reduced reliance more than a "
"retraction without a reminder."
),
"scope": (
"Ecker, Hogan, and Lewandowsky 2017; fictional event reports, inferential "
"reasoning, and one publication-defined participant-data series."
),
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "prop-carnahan-2020-result",
"text": (
"In Carnahan and Garrett Study 2, every correction format—including two "
"formats that repeated the misinformation—improved belief accuracy versus "
"an unrelated-story control, with no overall disadvantage for repetition."
),
"scope": (
"Carnahan and Garrett 2020 Study 2; GMO belief accuracy, one-sided and two-"
"sided corrections, processing-style moderation, and a true control."
),
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "prop-rich-2016-result",
"text": (
"Across two experiments, presenting a correction in a control narrative that "
"contained no explicit misinformation did not increase misinformation "
"reliance: Experiment 1 was null and Experiment 2 reduced reliance."
),
"scope": (
"Rich and Zaragoza 2016; control narratives mentioned the son but did not "
"explicitly implicate him, so residual pragmatic licensing remains a design "
"qualifier."
),
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "prop-swire-2017-result",
"text": (
"Across two experiments and delays up to three weeks, myth belief rebounded "
"but remained below each experiment's pre-correction baseline; the authors "
"reported no true familiarity backfire effect."
),
"scope": (
"Swire, Ecker, and Lewandowsky 2017; younger and older-adult samples, brief "
"and detailed corrections, and pre-correction belief baselines."
),
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "prop-gordon-2019-result",
"text": (
"In Gordon et al. Experiment 2, a standalone negation produced fewer "
"misinformation inferences than a no-misinformation control rather than a "
"familiarity-driven increase."
),
"scope": (
"Gordon, Ecker, and Lewandowsky 2019 Experiment 2; only-negated narrative "
"versus a no-misinformation control; Bayesian evidence for the observed "
"difference was very weak."
),
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "prop-reliability-counter-result",
"text": (
"Across two correction-versus-test-retest experiments, no item backfired "
"relative to the control or initial-belief baselines."
),
"scope": (
"Swire-Thompson et al. 2022; 21 items and two "
"participant samples."
),
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "prop-brand-correction-result",
"text": (
"Across five brand-misinformation studies, repetition did not increase belief "
"more than correction reduced it."
),
"scope": (
"Nibat et al. 2026; corporate misinformation, fact-check labels, brand "
"familiarity, immediate and delayed tests, and first-exposure corrections."
),
"visibility": "public",
},
]
lineages = [
{
"key": "lineage-skurnik-2005-data",
"status": "known",
"dimensions": ["data"],
"depends_on": [],
"basis_span_keys": ["span-skurnik-summary", "span-ecker-2020-no-baseline"],
"assertion_keys": ["assert-skurnik-result"],
"note": (
"Published 2005 participant-data root. Its older-adult and consumer-claim "
"scope must not silently become a general population result, and the paper "
"did not include the baseline required for target-comparable backfire."
),
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "lineage-skurnik-2007-data",
"status": "unknown",
"dimensions": ["data", "method", "apparatus"],
"depends_on": [],
"basis_span_keys": [
"span-ecker-2020-unpublished-lineage",
"span-schwarz-flu-2007-memory",
"span-schwarz-flu-2007-intentions",
"span-schwarz-reference-6",
],
"assertion_keys": [],
"note": (
"Unknown participant-data root for the unpublished Skurnik, Yoon, and "
"Schwarz 2007 flu-flyer manuscript. Later sources describe the result, but "
"the manuscript, data, sample record, and direct edition remain unavailable."
),
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "lineage-handbook-guidance",
"status": "known",
"dimensions": ["source", "social"],
"depends_on": ["lineage-skurnik-2007-data"],
"basis_span_keys": [
"span-handbook-experiment",
"span-handbook-delay",
"span-handbook-reference",
"span-ecker-2020-unpublished-lineage",
],
"assertion_keys": ["assert-handbook-claim"],
"note": (
"The page describes the 30-minute flu-flyer study but its sole numbered "
"reference names the nonmatching 2005 paper. Later literature identifies the "
"described data as the unpublished 2007 study, so the page adds a mention and "
"guidance, not a participant-data root."
),
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "lineage-schwarz-general-review",
"status": "known",
"dimensions": ["source", "method", "social"],
"depends_on": ["lineage-skurnik-2005-data", "lineage-skurnik-2007-data"],
"basis_span_keys": [
"span-schwarz-claim",
"span-schwarz-skurnik-2005-delay",
"span-schwarz-skurnik-2005-older",
"span-schwarz-flu-2007-memory",
"span-schwarz-flu-2007-intentions",
"span-schwarz-reference-6",
"span-schwarz-reference-42",
],
"assertion_keys": ["assert-schwarz-claim"],
"note": (
"Review-level synthesis, not participant data. The publisher PDF maps its "
"2005 delayed older-adult passage to reference 42 and its separate flu-flyer "
"passage to reference 6; the latter leads to the unknown 2007 data root."
),
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "lineage-schwarz-flu-review",
"status": "known",
"dimensions": ["source", "method"],
"depends_on": ["lineage-skurnik-2007-data"],
"basis_span_keys": [
"span-schwarz-flu-2007-memory",
"span-schwarz-flu-2007-intentions",
"span-schwarz-reference-6",
"span-ecker-2020-unpublished-lineage",
],
"assertion_keys": ["assert-schwarz-flu-result"],
"note": (
"The 2016 flu-flyer passage cites the 2007 Schwarz et al. review, while Ecker "
"et al. 2020 identifies that review as discussing the unpublished 2007 "
"participant data. This is a review mention, not a new data root."
),
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "lineage-ecker-2020-historical-report",
"status": "known",
"dimensions": ["source", "social"],
"depends_on": ["lineage-skurnik-2007-data"],
"basis_span_keys": ["span-ecker-2020-unpublished-lineage"],
"assertion_keys": ["assert-ecker-2020-historical-report"],
"note": (
"A historical report of the unpublished 2007 participant-data lineage, not "
"a new participant-data root. It receives no independent data credit."
),
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "lineage-ecker-2020-data",
"status": "known",
"dimensions": ["data"],
"depends_on": [],
"basis_span_keys": [
"span-ecker-2020-result",
"span-ecker-2020-guidance-conclusion",
],
"assertion_keys": ["assert-ecker-2020-result"],
"note": (
"One participant-data root for the Ecker et al. 2020 publication. Method "
"and recruitment overlap are modeled separately so they do not collapse "
"this paper-defined data collection into another data root."
),
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "lineage-peter-koch-2016-data",
"status": "known",
"dimensions": ["data"],
"depends_on": [],
"basis_span_keys": [
"span-peter-koch-2016-result",
"span-peter-koch-2016-shared-stimulus",
"span-peter-koch-2016-randomization",
"span-peter-koch-2016-measure",
"span-peter-koch-2016-error-definition",
],
"assertion_keys": ["assert-peter-koch-2016-result"],
"note": (
"Publication-defined participant-data root for a delayed journalistic "
"myth-debunking result. The full method confirms that all participants read "
"the correction article and only judgment instructions varied, so the data "
"root is known but not target-comparable."
),
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "lineage-cameron-2013-data",
"status": "known",
"dimensions": ["data"],
"depends_on": [],
"basis_span_keys": [
"span-cameron-2013-knowledge",
"span-cameron-2013-no-counterproductive",
],
"assertion_keys": ["assert-cameron-2013-result"],
"note": (
"Publication-defined participant-data root for the randomized flu-message "
"study. Its CDC condition belongs to the historical flu-flyer family, but "
"the participant collection is separately reported."
),
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "lineage-ecker-2020-method",
"status": "known",
"dimensions": ["method", "social"],
"depends_on": [],
"basis_span_keys": [
"span-ecker-2020-recruitment",
"span-ecker-2020-cloudresearch",
],
"assertion_keys": [],
"note": (
"Recruitment-method lineage for the US MTurk and CloudResearch frame, "
"including the 5000-HIT and 97% approval thresholds."
),
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "lineage-ecker-short-2020-data",
"status": "known",
"dimensions": ["data"],
"depends_on": [],
"basis_span_keys": ["span-ecker-short-2020-result"],
"assertion_keys": ["assert-ecker-short-2020-result"],
"note": (
"Publication-defined two-experiment participant-data root. It shares Ecker "
"and a correction research program with later papers, but no data reuse is "
"asserted."
),
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "lineage-ecker-hogan-2017-data",
"status": "known",
"dimensions": ["data"],
"depends_on": [],
"basis_span_keys": [
"span-ecker-hogan-2017-result",
"span-ecker-hogan-2017-no-retraction-result",
"span-ecker-hogan-2017-repeat-result",
"span-ecker-hogan-2017-alternative-account",
],
"assertion_keys": ["assert-ecker-hogan-2017-result"],
"note": (
"Publication-defined participant-data root directly comparing no retraction, "
"retraction without a reminder, and retractions with subtle or explicit "
"misinformation reminders. Every retraction also supplied an alternative "
"causal account; method and research-program overlap are modeled separately."
),
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "lineage-ecker-hogan-2017-method",
"status": "known",
"dimensions": ["method", "social"],
"depends_on": [],
"basis_span_keys": [
"span-ecker-hogan-2017-no-retraction-result",
"span-ecker-hogan-2017-repeat-result",
"span-ecker-hogan-2017-alternative-account",
],
"assertion_keys": [],
"note": (
"Continued-influence retraction-method lineage. All tested retractions paired "
"the correction with an alternative causal account, and Ecker and Lewandowsky "
"also appear in the later Gordon research program."
),
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "lineage-carnahan-garrett-2020-data",
"status": "known",
"dimensions": ["data"],
"depends_on": [],
"basis_span_keys": [
"span-carnahan-2020-control-result",
"span-carnahan-2020-pairwise-result",
"span-carnahan-2020-format-null",
"span-carnahan-2020-processing-boundary",
],
"assertion_keys": ["assert-carnahan-garrett-2020-result"],
"note": (
"Publication-defined participant-data root. Study 2 provides the target-"
"comparable control; Study 1 lacks a true control and receives no separate "
"target-comparable credit."
),
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "lineage-rich-2016-data",
"status": "known",
"dimensions": ["data"],
"depends_on": [],
"basis_span_keys": [
"span-rich-2016-experiment-1-result",
"span-rich-2016-experiment-2-result",
"span-rich-2016-experiment-2-all-conditions",
"span-rich-2016-control-qualifier",
],
"assertion_keys": ["assert-rich-2016-result"],
"note": (
"Publication-defined participant-data root. Both experiments compare a "
"correction in a no-explicit-misinformation control narrative with the "
"uncorrected control; the narrative still mentioned the correction target."
),
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "lineage-swire-2017-data",
"status": "known",
"dimensions": ["data"],
"depends_on": [],
"basis_span_keys": [
"span-swire-2017-experiment-1-result",
"span-swire-2017-experiment-2-result",
"span-swire-2017-conclusion",
"span-prike-2023-counter-search",
],
"assertion_keys": ["assert-swire-2017-result"],
"note": (
"Publication-defined two-experiment participant-data root. It shares Ecker "
"and Lewandowsky with other correction research but reports distinct younger "
"and older-adult collections; program independence is not claimed."
),
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "lineage-gordon-2019-data",
"status": "known",
"dimensions": ["data"],
"depends_on": [],
"basis_span_keys": [
"span-gordon-2019-result",
"span-gordon-2019-qualifier",
"span-prike-2023-gordon-search",
],
"assertion_keys": ["assert-gordon-2019-result"],
"note": (
"Publication-defined participant-data root. Experiment 2 directly compares "
"an only-negated narrative with a no-misinformation control; its continued-"
"influence paradigm is a material standalone-correction boundary. Method and "
"research-program overlap are modeled separately."
),
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "lineage-gordon-2019-method",
"status": "known",
"dimensions": ["method", "social"],
"depends_on": ["lineage-ecker-hogan-2017-method"],
"basis_span_keys": [
"span-gordon-2019-result",
"span-gordon-2019-qualifier",
"span-prike-2023-gordon-search",
],
"assertion_keys": [],
"note": (
"Continued-influence standalone-correction method lineage. Shared Ecker and "
"Lewandowsky authorship and research-program overlap mean a separate program "
"is not claimed; participant data remain a distinct root."
),
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "lineage-ecker-2020-interpretation",
"status": "known",
"dimensions": ["source", "social"],
"depends_on": ["lineage-ecker-2020-data"],
"basis_span_keys": [
"span-ecker-2020-guidance-overreach",
"span-ecker-2020-guidance-conclusion",
],
"assertion_keys": ["assert-ecker-2020-guidance"],
"note": "Interpretive guidance derived from the paper's participant-data series.",
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "lineage-prike-2023-data",
"status": "known",
"dimensions": ["data"],
"depends_on": [],
"basis_span_keys": ["span-prike-2023-result"],
"assertion_keys": ["assert-prike-2023-result", "assert-prike-2023-skepticism"],
"note": (
"Separately reported participant-data root. It shares authors and a research "
"program with Ecker et al. 2023 and shares the US MTurk/CloudResearch frame "
"and thresholds with Ecker et al. 2020. Cross-paper participant overlap is "
"unverified; only the paper-defined data collection is counted separately."
),
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "lineage-prike-2023-method",
"status": "known",
"dimensions": ["method", "social"],
"depends_on": [],
"basis_span_keys": [
"span-prike-2023-recruitment",
"span-prike-2023-ethics",
"span-prike-2023-autry-sample",
],
"assertion_keys": [],
"note": (
"Method and research-team lineage. The MTurk frame matches Ecker et al. "
"2020, while authors and the UWA ethics series overlap Ecker et al. 2023."
),
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "lineage-ecker-2023-data",
"status": "known",
"dimensions": ["data"],
"depends_on": [],
"basis_span_keys": ["span-ecker-2023-result"],
"assertion_keys": ["assert-ecker-2023-result"],
"note": (
"Separately reported UK Prolific participant-data root. It shares Ecker and "
"Swire-Thompson, UWA ethics approval RA/4/20/6423, and a research program with "
"Prike et al. 2023, and it directly reuses Pluviano et al. 2017 materials. "
"Team, ethics, and material independence are not claimed."
),
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "lineage-ecker-2023-method",
"status": "known",
"dimensions": ["method", "apparatus", "social"],
"depends_on": ["lineage-pluviano-2017-method"],
"basis_span_keys": [
"span-ecker-2023-recruitment",
"span-ecker-2023-materials",
"span-ecker-2023-ethics",
],
"assertion_keys": [],
"note": (
"Replication method and apparatus lineage. It directly reused the 2017 "
"stimuli and overlaps the Prike research program in authors and ethics approval."
),
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "lineage-autry-2021-data",
"status": "known",
"dimensions": ["data"],
"depends_on": [],
"basis_span_keys": [
"span-autry-2021-result",
"span-autry-2021-qualifier",
"span-autry-2021-timing-limit",
"span-prike-2023-autry-sample",
],
"assertion_keys": ["assert-autry-2021-result"],
"note": (
"Separately reported undergraduate participant-data root. Experiment 1 found "
"the unlicensed-negation effect; the same contrast was nonsignificant in "
"Experiment 2. It shares Autry and a research program with Thomas 2024."
),
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "lineage-pluviano-2017-data",
"status": "known",
"dimensions": ["data"],
"depends_on": [],
"basis_span_keys": [
"span-pluviano-2017-result",
"span-pluviano-2017-limitation",
],
"assertion_keys": ["assert-pluviano-2017-result"],
"note": (
"Participant-data root for the 2017 student vaccine-message study. It shares "
"authors, a vaccine-message research program, and materials with the 2019 "
"study and the later Ecker et al. replication."
),
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "lineage-pluviano-2017-method",
"status": "known",
"dimensions": ["method", "apparatus", "social"],
"depends_on": [],
"basis_span_keys": [
"span-pluviano-2017-result",
"span-pluviano-2017-limitation",
],
"assertion_keys": [],
"note": (
"Student-sample vaccine-message method lineage. Later work reused or "
"deliberately compared against this material and timing family."
),
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "lineage-pluviano-2019-data",
"status": "known",
"dimensions": ["data"],
"depends_on": [],
"basis_span_keys": [
"span-pluviano-2019-result",
"span-pluviano-2019-dependence",
],
"assertion_keys": ["assert-pluviano-2019-result"],
"note": (
"Separately reported parent participant-data root. It remains part of the "
"same Pluviano author and vaccine-message program as the 2017 study, so "
"program-level independence is not claimed."
),
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "lineage-pluviano-2019-method",
"status": "known",
"dimensions": ["method", "apparatus", "social"],
"depends_on": ["lineage-pluviano-2017-method"],
"basis_span_keys": ["span-pluviano-2019-dependence"],
"assertion_keys": [],
"note": (
"Parent-sample method lineage. The seven-day delay was explicitly chosen "
"to allow straight comparison with the authors' 2017 study."
),
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "lineage-thomas-2024-data",
"status": "known",
"dimensions": ["data"],
"depends_on": [],
"basis_span_keys": ["span-thomas-2024-result", "span-thomas-2024-mechanism"],
"assertion_keys": ["assert-thomas-2024-result"],
"note": (
"Separately reported participant-data root testing unlicensed negated "
"corrections with novel-word meanings. It shares Autry and a research program "
"with Autry and Duarte 2021; program independence is not claimed."
),
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "lineage-nibat-2026-data",
"status": "known",
"dimensions": ["data"],
"depends_on": [],
"basis_span_keys": [
"span-nibat-2026-scope",
"span-nibat-2026-result",
"span-nibat-2026-search-overview",
],
"assertion_keys": ["assert-nibat-2026-result"],
"note": (
"Separately reported participant-data root spanning five brand-misinformation "
"studies and 4,337 participants. Author, sample, and method independence from "
"the earlier paper series is not inferred merely from different authorship."
),
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "lineage-swire-thompson-2022-data",
"status": "known",
"dimensions": ["data"],
"depends_on": [],
"basis_span_keys": ["span-swire-thompson-2022-result"],
"assertion_keys": ["assert-swire-thompson-2022-result"],
"note": (
"Publication-defined two-experiment participant-data root. Swire-Thompson "
"also appears in other modeled papers, but the captured report describes new "
"samples and no data-reuse dependence is asserted."
),
"visibility": "public",
},
]
assertions = [
{
"key": "assert-skurnik-result",
"proposition_key": "prop-older-adult-result",
"actor": {"id": "doi:10.1086/426605#authors", "kind": "collective"},
"stance": "asserts",
"span_keys": ["span-skurnik-summary", "span-ecker-2020-no-baseline"],
"lineage_key": "lineage-skurnik-2005-data",
"asserted_at": "2005-03-01T00:00:00Z",
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "assert-handbook-claim",
"proposition_key": "prop-general-backfire",
"actor": {"id": "web:debunking-handbook-2011#authors", "kind": "collective"},
"stance": "asserts",
"span_keys": [
"span-handbook-experiment",
"span-handbook-delay",
"span-handbook-claim",
"span-handbook-advice",
"span-handbook-reference",
],
"lineage_key": "lineage-handbook-guidance",
"asserted_at": "2011-11-18T00:00:00Z",
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "assert-schwarz-claim",
"proposition_key": "prop-general-backfire",
"actor": {"id": "doi:10.1177/237946151600200110#authors", "kind": "collective"},
"stance": "asserts",
"span_keys": ["span-schwarz-claim"],
"lineage_key": "lineage-schwarz-general-review",
"asserted_at": "2016-04-01T00:00:00Z",
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "assert-schwarz-flu-result",
"proposition_key": "prop-flu-flyer-result",
"actor": {"id": "doi:10.1177/237946151600200110#authors", "kind": "collective"},
"stance": "asserts",
"span_keys": [
"span-schwarz-flu-2007-memory",
"span-schwarz-flu-2007-intentions",
"span-schwarz-reference-6",
"span-ecker-2020-unpublished-lineage",
],
"lineage_key": "lineage-schwarz-flu-review",
"asserted_at": "2016-04-01T00:00:00Z",
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "assert-ecker-2020-historical-report",
"proposition_key": "prop-flu-flyer-result",
"actor": {"id": "doi:10.1186/s41235-020-00241-6#authors", "kind": "collective"},
"stance": "asserts",
"span_keys": ["span-ecker-2020-unpublished-lineage"],
"lineage_key": "lineage-ecker-2020-historical-report",
"asserted_at": "2020-08-26T00:00:00Z",
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "assert-peter-koch-2016-result",
"proposition_key": "prop-peter-koch-boundary",
"actor": {"id": "doi:10.1177/1075547015613523#authors", "kind": "collective"},
"stance": "asserts",
"span_keys": [
"span-peter-koch-2016-result",
"span-peter-koch-2016-shared-stimulus",
"span-peter-koch-2016-randomization",
"span-peter-koch-2016-measure",
"span-peter-koch-2016-error-definition",
],
"lineage_key": "lineage-peter-koch-2016-data",
"asserted_at": "2015-10-25T00:00:00Z",
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "assert-cameron-2013-result",
"proposition_key": "prop-cameron-flu-result",
"actor": {"id": "doi:10.1016/j.pec.2013.06.017#authors", "kind": "collective"},
"stance": "asserts",
"span_keys": [
"span-cameron-2013-knowledge",
"span-cameron-2013-no-counterproductive",
],
"lineage_key": "lineage-cameron-2013-data",
"asserted_at": "2013-09-01T00:00:00Z",
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "assert-ecker-2020-result",
"proposition_key": "prop-general-backfire",
"actor": {"id": "doi:10.1186/s41235-020-00241-6#authors", "kind": "collective"},
"stance": "questions",
"span_keys": [
"span-ecker-2020-result",
"span-ecker-2020-guidance-conclusion",
],
"lineage_key": "lineage-ecker-2020-data",
"asserted_at": "2020-08-26T00:00:00Z",
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "assert-ecker-2020-guidance",
"proposition_key": "prop-guidance-overreach",
"actor": {"id": "doi:10.1186/s41235-020-00241-6#authors", "kind": "collective"},
"stance": "asserts",
"span_keys": ["span-ecker-2020-guidance-overreach"],
"lineage_key": "lineage-ecker-2020-interpretation",
"asserted_at": "2020-08-26T00:00:00Z",
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "assert-ecker-short-2020-result",
"proposition_key": "prop-short-format-result",
"actor": {"id": "doi:10.1111/bjop.12383#authors", "kind": "collective"},
"stance": "asserts",
"span_keys": ["span-ecker-short-2020-result"],
"lineage_key": "lineage-ecker-short-2020-data",
"asserted_at": "2019-03-02T00:00:00Z",
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "assert-ecker-hogan-2017-result",
"proposition_key": "prop-ecker-hogan-2017-result",
"actor": {
"id": "doi:10.1016/j.jarmac.2017.01.014#authors",
"kind": "collective",
},
"stance": "asserts",
"span_keys": [
"span-ecker-hogan-2017-result",
"span-ecker-hogan-2017-no-retraction-result",
"span-ecker-hogan-2017-repeat-result",
"span-ecker-hogan-2017-alternative-account",
],
"lineage_key": "lineage-ecker-hogan-2017-data",
"asserted_at": "2017-03-18T00:00:00Z",
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "assert-carnahan-garrett-2020-result",
"proposition_key": "prop-carnahan-2020-result",
"actor": {"id": "doi:10.1093/ijpor/edz037#authors", "kind": "collective"},
"stance": "asserts",
"span_keys": [
"span-carnahan-2020-control-result",
"span-carnahan-2020-pairwise-result",
"span-carnahan-2020-format-null",
"span-carnahan-2020-processing-boundary",
],
"lineage_key": "lineage-carnahan-garrett-2020-data",
"asserted_at": "2019-10-19T00:00:00Z",
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "assert-rich-2016-result",
"proposition_key": "prop-rich-2016-result",
"actor": {"id": "doi:10.1037/xlm0000155#authors", "kind": "collective"},
"stance": "asserts",
"span_keys": [
"span-rich-2016-experiment-1-result",
"span-rich-2016-experiment-2-result",
"span-rich-2016-experiment-2-all-conditions",
"span-rich-2016-control-qualifier",
],
"lineage_key": "lineage-rich-2016-data",
"asserted_at": "2015-07-06T00:00:00Z",
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "assert-swire-2017-result",
"proposition_key": "prop-swire-2017-result",
"actor": {"id": "doi:10.1037/xlm0000422#authors", "kind": "collective"},
"stance": "asserts",
"span_keys": [
"span-swire-2017-experiment-1-result",
"span-swire-2017-experiment-2-result",
"span-swire-2017-conclusion",
],
"lineage_key": "lineage-swire-2017-data",
"asserted_at": "2017-05-11T00:00:00Z",
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "assert-gordon-2019-result",
"proposition_key": "prop-gordon-2019-result",
"actor": {"id": "doi:10.1016/j.jml.2019.104028#authors", "kind": "collective"},
"stance": "asserts",
"span_keys": ["span-gordon-2019-result", "span-gordon-2019-qualifier"],
"lineage_key": "lineage-gordon-2019-data",
"asserted_at": "2019-06-04T00:00:00Z",
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "assert-prike-2023-result",
"proposition_key": "prop-general-backfire",
"actor": {"id": "doi:10.1186/s41235-023-00492-z#authors", "kind": "collective"},
"stance": "questions",
"span_keys": ["span-prike-2023-result"],
"lineage_key": "lineage-prike-2023-data",
"asserted_at": "2023-07-03T00:00:00Z",
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "assert-prike-2023-skepticism",
"proposition_key": "prop-skepticism-boundary",
"actor": {"id": "doi:10.1186/s41235-023-00492-z#authors", "kind": "collective"},
"stance": "hypothesizes",
"span_keys": ["span-prike-2023-result"],
"lineage_key": "lineage-prike-2023-data",
"asserted_at": "2023-07-03T00:00:00Z",
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "assert-ecker-2023-result",
"proposition_key": "prop-general-backfire",
"actor": {"id": "doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0281140#authors", "kind": "collective"},
"stance": "questions",
"span_keys": ["span-ecker-2023-result"],
"lineage_key": "lineage-ecker-2023-data",
"asserted_at": "2023-04-12T00:00:00Z",
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "assert-autry-2021-result",
"proposition_key": "prop-unlicensed-negation-boundary",
"actor": {"id": "doi:10.1002/acp.3823#authors", "kind": "collective"},
"stance": "asserts",
"span_keys": [
"span-autry-2021-result",
"span-autry-2021-qualifier",
"span-autry-2021-timing-limit",
],
"lineage_key": "lineage-autry-2021-data",
"asserted_at": "2021-03-31T00:00:00Z",
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "assert-pluviano-2017-result",
"proposition_key": "prop-vaccine-myths-boundary",
"actor": {"id": "doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0181640#authors", "kind": "collective"},
"stance": "asserts",
"span_keys": ["span-pluviano-2017-result", "span-pluviano-2017-limitation"],
"lineage_key": "lineage-pluviano-2017-data",
"asserted_at": "2017-07-27T00:00:00Z",
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "assert-pluviano-2019-result",
"proposition_key": "prop-vaccine-myths-boundary",
"actor": {"id": "doi:10.1007/s10339-019-00919-w#authors", "kind": "collective"},
"stance": "asserts",
"span_keys": ["span-pluviano-2019-result", "span-pluviano-2019-dependence"],
"lineage_key": "lineage-pluviano-2019-data",
"asserted_at": "2019-04-08T00:00:00Z",
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "assert-thomas-2024-result",
"proposition_key": "prop-unlicensed-negation-boundary",
"actor": {"id": "doi:10.1002/acp.70004#authors", "kind": "collective"},
"stance": "asserts",
"span_keys": ["span-thomas-2024-result", "span-thomas-2024-mechanism"],
"lineage_key": "lineage-thomas-2024-data",
"asserted_at": "2024-11-09T00:00:00Z",
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "assert-nibat-2026-result",
"proposition_key": "prop-brand-correction-result",
"actor": {"id": "doi:10.1016/j.ijresmar.2026.03.007#authors", "kind": "collective"},
"stance": "asserts",
"span_keys": ["span-nibat-2026-scope", "span-nibat-2026-result"],
"lineage_key": "lineage-nibat-2026-data",
"asserted_at": "2026-03-27T00:00:00Z",
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "assert-swire-thompson-2022-result",
"proposition_key": "prop-reliability-counter-result",
"actor": {"id": "doi:10.1037/xge0001131#authors", "kind": "collective"},
"stance": "asserts",
"span_keys": ["span-swire-thompson-2022-result"],
"lineage_key": "lineage-swire-thompson-2022-data",
"asserted_at": "2022-07-01T00:00:00Z",
"visibility": "public",
},
]
relations = [
{
"key": "relation-skurnik-supports-older-adult-result",
"relation_type": "support",
"from_ref": "assert-skurnik-result",
"to_ref": "prop-older-adult-result",
"basis_span_keys": ["span-skurnik-summary", "span-ecker-2020-no-baseline"],
"note": (
"Preserves the reported delayed older-adult result while separating it from "
"the dossier's target-comparable general claim."
),
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "relation-skurnik-qualifies-general",
"relation_type": "qualification",
"from_ref": "assert-skurnik-result",
"to_ref": "prop-general-backfire",
"basis_span_keys": ["span-skurnik-summary", "span-ecker-2020-no-baseline"],
"note": (
"Shows a narrower delayed older-adult effect but lacks the baseline required "
"to establish target-comparable backfire."
),
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "relation-handbook-supports-general",
"relation_type": "support",
"from_ref": "assert-handbook-claim",
"to_ref": "prop-general-backfire",
"basis_span_keys": [
"span-handbook-experiment",
"span-handbook-delay",
"span-handbook-claim",
"span-handbook-advice",
],
"note": (
"A broad public-facing claim and recommendation rooted in the described "
"30-minute flu-flyer result."
),
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "relation-schwarz-supports-general",
"relation_type": "support",
"from_ref": "assert-schwarz-claim",
"to_ref": "prop-general-backfire",
"basis_span_keys": ["span-schwarz-claim"],
"note": (
"A broad review-level mention; its concrete 2005 and flu-flyer examples are "
"represented separately rather than treated as new data."
),
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "relation-handbook-depends-skurnik-2007",
"relation_type": "dependence",
"from_ref": "lineage-handbook-guidance",
"to_ref": "lineage-skurnik-2007-data",
"basis_span_keys": [
"span-handbook-experiment",
"span-handbook-delay",
"span-ecker-2020-unpublished-lineage",
],
"note": (
"Later literature identifies the page’s flu-flyer/30-minute result as the "
"unpublished 2007 data, not the 2005 paper named in its sole reference."
),
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "relation-handbook-citation-mismatch",
"relation_type": "undercutting",
"from_ref": "span-handbook-reference",
"to_ref": "assert-handbook-claim",
"basis_span_keys": [
"span-handbook-experiment",
"span-handbook-delay",
"span-handbook-reference",
"span-ecker-2020-unpublished-lineage",
"span-ecker-2020-no-baseline",
],
"note": (
"The visible reference names the 2005 older-adult consumer-claim study, whose "
"design does not match the page’s flu-flyer/30-minute description."
),
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "relation-schwarz-flu-depends-skurnik-2007",
"relation_type": "dependence",
"from_ref": "lineage-schwarz-flu-review",
"to_ref": "lineage-skurnik-2007-data",
"basis_span_keys": [
"span-schwarz-flu-2007-memory",
"span-schwarz-flu-2007-intentions",
"span-schwarz-reference-6",
"span-ecker-2020-unpublished-lineage",
],
"note": (
"The PDF’s flu-flyer passage cites reference 6, and Ecker et al. identify that "
"review as the public discussion of the unpublished 2007 data."
),
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "relation-schwarz-flu-supports-boundary",
"relation_type": "support",
"from_ref": "assert-schwarz-flu-result",
"to_ref": "prop-flu-flyer-result",
"basis_span_keys": [
"span-schwarz-flu-2007-memory",
"span-schwarz-flu-2007-intentions",
"span-schwarz-reference-6",
],
"note": "A review-level report of the unresolved flu-flyer participant data.",
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "relation-ecker-historical-supports-boundary",
"relation_type": "support",
"from_ref": "assert-ecker-2020-historical-report",
"to_ref": "prop-flu-flyer-result",
"basis_span_keys": ["span-ecker-2020-unpublished-lineage"],
"note": (
"A later historical report identifies the unpublished 2007 manuscript; "
"it is not credited as newly collected participant data."
),
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "relation-update-qualifies-handbook",
"relation_type": "qualification",
"from_ref": "span-handbook-update",
"to_ref": "assert-handbook-claim",
"basis_span_keys": ["span-handbook-update"],
"note": "The live page now directs readers to newer treatment of the effect.",
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "relation-ecker-2020-rebuts-general",
"relation_type": "rebuttal",
"from_ref": "assert-ecker-2020-result",
"to_ref": "prop-general-backfire",
"basis_span_keys": [
"span-ecker-2020-result",
"span-ecker-2020-guidance-conclusion",
],
"note": (
"Later experiments did not reproduce a general effect in their tested conditions."
),
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "relation-cameron-rebuts-general",
"relation_type": "rebuttal",
"from_ref": "assert-cameron-2013-result",
"to_ref": "prop-general-backfire",
"basis_span_keys": [
"span-cameron-2013-knowledge",
"span-cameron-2013-no-counterproductive",
],
"note": (
"A randomized flu-message study reported gains across conditions and no "
"counterproductive facts-and-myths recall result."
),
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "relation-ecker-short-rebuts-general",
"relation_type": "rebuttal",
"from_ref": "assert-ecker-short-2020-result",
"to_ref": "prop-general-backfire",
"basis_span_keys": ["span-ecker-short-2020-result"],
"note": "Simple retractions reduced belief without the proposed backfire.",
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "relation-ecker-hogan-2017-rebuts-general",
"relation_type": "rebuttal",
"from_ref": "assert-ecker-hogan-2017-result",
"to_ref": "prop-general-backfire",
"basis_span_keys": [
"span-ecker-hogan-2017-result",
"span-ecker-hogan-2017-no-retraction-result",
"span-ecker-hogan-2017-repeat-result",
"span-ecker-hogan-2017-alternative-account",
],
"note": (
"Every tested retraction reduced reliance relative to no retraction, and "
"explicit misinformation repetition improved the retraction relative to no "
"reminder. Every retraction also supplied an alternative causal account."
),
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "relation-carnahan-2020-rebuts-general",
"relation_type": "rebuttal",
"from_ref": "assert-carnahan-garrett-2020-result",
"to_ref": "prop-general-backfire",
"basis_span_keys": [
"span-carnahan-2020-control-result",
"span-carnahan-2020-pairwise-result",
"span-carnahan-2020-format-null",
"span-carnahan-2020-processing-boundary",
],
"note": (
"Both correction formats that repeated misinformation improved accuracy "
"relative to control; processing style remains a material qualifier."
),
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "relation-rich-2016-rebuts-general",
"relation_type": "rebuttal",
"from_ref": "assert-rich-2016-result",
"to_ref": "prop-general-backfire",
"basis_span_keys": [
"span-rich-2016-experiment-1-result",
"span-rich-2016-experiment-2-result",
"span-rich-2016-experiment-2-all-conditions",
"span-rich-2016-control-qualifier",
],
"note": (
"A correction in the no-explicit-misinformation control did not increase "
"reliance in either experiment; the target's prior narrative mention is "
"retained as a licensing qualifier."
),
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "relation-swire-2017-rebuts-general",
"relation_type": "rebuttal",
"from_ref": "assert-swire-2017-result",
"to_ref": "prop-general-backfire",
"basis_span_keys": [
"span-swire-2017-experiment-1-result",
"span-swire-2017-experiment-2-result",
"span-swire-2017-conclusion",
],
"note": (
"Both experiments retained corrected belief below the pre-correction "
"baseline despite delayed regression."
),
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "relation-gordon-2019-rebuts-general",
"relation_type": "rebuttal",
"from_ref": "assert-gordon-2019-result",
"to_ref": "prop-general-backfire",
"basis_span_keys": ["span-gordon-2019-result", "span-gordon-2019-qualifier"],
"note": (
"The standalone negation lowered rather than raised misinformation inference "
"relative to the no-misinformation control in Experiment 2, with only very "
"weak Bayesian evidence for the difference."
),
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "relation-swire-thompson-rebuts-general",
"relation_type": "rebuttal",
"from_ref": "assert-swire-thompson-2022-result",
"to_ref": "prop-general-backfire",
"basis_span_keys": ["span-swire-thompson-2022-result"],
"note": (
"Two correction-versus-control experiments found no item-level backfire "
"relative to either comparison baseline."
),
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "relation-ecker-undercuts-guidance",
"relation_type": "undercutting",
"from_ref": "assert-ecker-2020-guidance",
"to_ref": "assert-handbook-claim",
"basis_span_keys": ["span-ecker-2020-guidance-overreach"],
"note": (
"Challenges the inference from familiarity concern to blanket repetition advice."
),
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "relation-ecker-undercuts-review",
"relation_type": "undercutting",
"from_ref": "assert-ecker-2020-guidance",
"to_ref": "assert-schwarz-claim",
"basis_span_keys": ["span-ecker-2020-guidance-overreach"],
"note": "Challenges broad review-level wording using later experimental evidence.",
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "relation-prike-rebuts-general",
"relation_type": "rebuttal",
"from_ref": "assert-prike-2023-result",
"to_ref": "prop-general-backfire",
"basis_span_keys": ["span-prike-2023-result"],
"note": (
"No immediate or delayed effect in two experiments; third result was "
"measure-specific."
),
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "relation-prike-qualifies-boundary",
"relation_type": "qualification",
"from_ref": "assert-prike-2023-skepticism",
"to_ref": "prop-general-backfire",
"basis_span_keys": ["span-prike-2023-result"],
"note": (
"Preserves the induced-skepticism open-response result as an unresolved boundary."
),
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "relation-ecker-2023-rebuts-general",
"relation_type": "rebuttal",
"from_ref": "assert-ecker-2023-result",
"to_ref": "prop-general-backfire",
"basis_span_keys": ["span-ecker-2023-result"],
"note": "A separate vaccine-context study did not observe the predicted effect.",
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "relation-autry-qualifies-general",
"relation_type": "qualification",
"from_ref": "assert-autry-2021-result",
"to_ref": "prop-general-backfire",
"basis_span_keys": [
"span-autry-2021-result",
"span-autry-2021-qualifier",
"span-autry-2021-timing-limit",
],
"note": (
"Preserves an unlicensed-negation boundary while recording that the same "
"contrast was nonsignificant in Experiment 2 and longer-interval persistence "
"remains unresolved."
),
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "relation-autry-supports-unlicensed-boundary",
"relation_type": "support",
"from_ref": "assert-autry-2021-result",
"to_ref": "prop-unlicensed-negation-boundary",
"basis_span_keys": [
"span-autry-2021-result",
"span-autry-2021-qualifier",
"span-autry-2021-timing-limit",
],
"note": "Supports the narrower unlicensed-negation boundary, with qualifiers.",
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "relation-pluviano-2017-supports-vaccine-boundary",
"relation_type": "support",
"from_ref": "assert-pluviano-2017-result",
"to_ref": "prop-vaccine-myths-boundary",
"basis_span_keys": [
"span-pluviano-2017-result",
"span-pluviano-2017-limitation",
],
"note": (
"A target-comparable delayed myths-and-facts result in a student sample, "
"subject to the paper's convenience-sample and generalizability limits."
),
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "relation-pluviano-2019-supports-vaccine-boundary",
"relation_type": "support",
"from_ref": "assert-pluviano-2019-result",
"to_ref": "prop-vaccine-myths-boundary",
"basis_span_keys": [
"span-pluviano-2019-result",
"span-pluviano-2019-dependence",
],
"note": (
"A target-comparable delayed myths-and-facts result in a parent sample from "
"the same author and comparison-method program as the 2017 study."
),
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "relation-thomas-qualifies-general",
"relation_type": "qualification",
"from_ref": "assert-thomas-2024-result",
"to_ref": "prop-general-backfire",
"basis_span_keys": ["span-thomas-2024-result", "span-thomas-2024-mechanism"],
"note": (
"Preserves a target-comparable unlicensed-negation result and its proposed "
"Gricean mechanism without generalizing it to all corrections."
),
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "relation-thomas-supports-unlicensed-boundary",
"relation_type": "support",
"from_ref": "assert-thomas-2024-result",
"to_ref": "prop-unlicensed-negation-boundary",
"basis_span_keys": ["span-thomas-2024-result", "span-thomas-2024-mechanism"],
"note": "Supports the narrower unlicensed-negation boundary and proposed mechanism.",
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "relation-peter-koch-supports-boundary",
"relation_type": "support",
"from_ref": "assert-peter-koch-2016-result",
"to_ref": "prop-peter-koch-boundary",
"basis_span_keys": [
"span-peter-koch-2016-result",
"span-peter-koch-2016-shared-stimulus",
"span-peter-koch-2016-randomization",
"span-peter-koch-2016-measure",
"span-peter-koch-2016-error-definition",
],
"note": (
"Preserves the delayed truth-memory result while the full method establishes "
"that no target baseline was present."
),
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "relation-nibat-rebuts-general",
"relation_type": "rebuttal",
"from_ref": "assert-nibat-2026-result",
"to_ref": "prop-general-backfire",
"basis_span_keys": ["span-nibat-2026-scope", "span-nibat-2026-result"],
"note": "Five brand-misinformation studies did not observe familiarity backfire.",
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "relation-ecker-2023-failed-replication-pluviano-2017",
"relation_type": "failed-replication",
"from_ref": "assert-ecker-2023-result",
"to_ref": "assert-pluviano-2017-result",
"basis_span_keys": ["span-ecker-2023-result", "span-ecker-2023-materials"],
"note": (
"The later study reused the 2017 materials but did not reproduce the reported "
"backfire effect."
),
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "relation-gordon-ecker-hogan-shared-program",
"relation_type": "dependence",
"from_ref": "lineage-gordon-2019-method",
"to_ref": "lineage-ecker-hogan-2017-method",
"basis_span_keys": [
"span-ecker-hogan-2017-no-retraction-result",
"span-ecker-hogan-2017-repeat-result",
"span-ecker-hogan-2017-alternative-account",
"span-gordon-2019-result",
"span-gordon-2019-qualifier",
"span-prike-2023-gordon-search",
],
"note": (
"The papers share Ecker and Lewandowsky and a continued-influence correction "
"program. Their participant collections remain distinct, but independent "
"research-program credit is not claimed."
),
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "relation-ecker-prike-shared-recruitment-frame",
"relation_type": "dependence",
"from_ref": "lineage-prike-2023-method",
"to_ref": "lineage-ecker-2020-method",
"basis_span_keys": [
"span-ecker-2020-recruitment",
"span-ecker-2020-cloudresearch",
"span-prike-2023-recruitment",
],
"note": (
"Both papers used US MTurk workers through CloudResearch with the same "
"5000-HIT and 97% approval thresholds; cross-paper participant overlap is "
"unreported."
),
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "relation-ecker-prike-shared-ethics-series",
"relation_type": "dependence",
"from_ref": "lineage-ecker-2023-method",
"to_ref": "lineage-prike-2023-method",
"basis_span_keys": ["span-prike-2023-ethics", "span-ecker-2023-ethics"],
"note": (
"The papers share authors and UWA ethics approval RA/4/20/6423; they are "
"separate reported data collections, not independent research programs."
),
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "relation-ecker-2023-reuses-pluviano-materials",
"relation_type": "dependence",
"from_ref": "lineage-ecker-2023-method",
"to_ref": "lineage-pluviano-2017-method",
"basis_span_keys": ["span-ecker-2023-materials"],
"note": (
"The replication directly reused the 2017 stimuli, so material lineage is "
"shared even though participant data were newly collected."
),
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "relation-pluviano-2019-reuses-comparison-method",
"relation_type": "dependence",
"from_ref": "lineage-pluviano-2019-method",
"to_ref": "lineage-pluviano-2017-method",
"basis_span_keys": ["span-pluviano-2019-dependence"],
"note": (
"The 2019 study chose its seven-day delay to allow direct comparison with "
"the authors' 2017 study; the participant-data roots remain distinct."
),
"visibility": "public",
},
]
material = {
"format": DOSSIER_FORMAT,
"title": "Does repeating misinformation in a correction make it more believable?",
"question": (
"When a correction repeats a false claim, does familiarity generally cause "
"belief or reliance to rise above an uncorrected or pre-correction baseline?"
),
"scope": (
"A lineage audit of the familiarity backfire claim. Independent counts refer "
"to participant-data roots, not complete independence of authors, methods, or "
"research programs. Worldview backfire and continued influence are distinct."
),
"stage": "draft",
"visibility": "public",
"source_works": source_works(),
"editions": editions(),
"spans": spans,
"propositions": propositions,
"lineages": lineages,
"assertions": assertions,
"evidence_relations": relations,
"claim_families": [
{
"key": "family-familiarity-backfire",
"title": "Familiarity backfire from corrective repetition",
"question": (
"Does repeating misinformation within a correction generally make the "
"misinformation more believable?"
),
"proposition_keys": [record["key"] for record in propositions],
"assertion_keys": [record["key"] for record in assertions],
"relation_keys": [record["key"] for record in relations],
"visibility": "public",
}
],
"evaluations": [
{
"key": "evaluation-encyclopedia",
"claim_family_key": "family-familiarity-backfire",
"policy_id": "em:application-policy:encyclopedia-v0.1",
"frontier": "research-candidate-em-0019",
"label": (
"Target-comparable backfire appears in some tested formats and contexts, "
"while replications and later studies also report counterevidence. The "
"record does not warrant a blanket rule against repeating misinformation "
"inside corrections, and the causal mechanism remains unresolved."
),
"reason_codes": [
"target-comparable-support-preserved",
"counterevidence-preserved",
"baseline-mismatch-preserved",
"skepticism-boundary-unresolved",
"mechanism-attribution-unresolved",
],
"visibility": "public",
},
{
"key": "evaluation-skeptical",
"claim_family_key": "family-familiarity-backfire",
"policy_id": "em:application-policy:skeptical-v0.1",
"frontier": "research-candidate-em-0019",
"label": (
"No universal rule is admitted: supportive scope was overgeneralized, "
"the unpublished 2007 data remain unresolved, and both supportive and "
"counterevidence papers cluster in overlapping author, material, and "
"method programs despite distinct participant-data roots."
),
"reason_codes": [
"unpublished-data-lineage-unresolved",
"team-and-method-overlap",
"measure-specific-qualifier",
"population-and-context-limits",
],
"visibility": "public",
},
],
}
return stamp_dossier(material)
TARGET_COMPARABLE_SUPPORT_PROPOSITIONS = {
"prop-flu-flyer-result",
"prop-unlicensed-negation-boundary",
"prop-vaccine-myths-boundary",
}
def assertion_keys_for_relation_type(candidate: dict[str, Any], relation_type: str) -> list[str]:
assertion_keys = {record["key"] for record in candidate["assertions"]}
return sorted(
{
record["from_ref"]
for record in candidate["evidence_relations"]
if record["relation_type"] == relation_type and record["from_ref"] in assertion_keys
}
)
def derived_counts(candidate: dict[str, Any]) -> dict[str, Any]:
assertions = {record["key"]: record for record in candidate["assertions"]}
lineages = {record["key"]: record for record in candidate["lineages"]}
apparent_support_assertions = assertion_keys_for_relation_type(candidate, "support")
counter_assertions = assertion_keys_for_relation_type(candidate, "rebuttal")
review_report_assertions = sorted(
key
for key in apparent_support_assertions
if "data" not in lineages[assertions[key]["lineage_key"]]["dimensions"]
)
target_comparable_assertions = sorted(
key
for key in apparent_support_assertions
if assertions[key]["proposition_key"] in TARGET_COMPARABLE_SUPPORT_PROPOSITIONS
)
supportive = independence_summary(candidate, apparent_support_assertions)
target_comparable = independence_summary(candidate, target_comparable_assertions)
counter = independence_summary(candidate, counter_assertions)
return {
"modeled_apparent_support_assertions": len(apparent_support_assertions),
"apparent_support_assertion_keys": apparent_support_assertions,
"known_supporting_data_roots": supportive["independent_lineage_count"],
"unresolved_support_data_roots": supportive["unknown_lineage_count"],
"support_root_keys": supportive["independent_lineage_roots"],
"unresolved_support_keys": supportive["unknown_lineages"],
"target_comparable_supporting_data_roots": target_comparable["independent_lineage_count"],
"target_comparable_support_root_keys": target_comparable["independent_lineage_roots"],
"target_comparable_unresolved_data_roots": target_comparable["unknown_lineage_count"],
"target_comparable_unresolved_keys": target_comparable["unknown_lineages"],
"modeled_review_report_assertions_without_new_data_credit": len(review_report_assertions),
"review_report_assertion_keys": review_report_assertions,
"modeled_counterevidence_assertions": len(counter_assertions),
"counter_assertion_keys": counter_assertions,
"modeled_counterevidence_data_roots": counter["independent_lineage_count"],
"counterevidence_root_keys": counter["independent_lineage_roots"],
"counting_unit": (
"One participant-data lineage per publication-defined data series. Multiple "
"experiments within one publication are collapsed; separate publications with "
"separately reported samples remain roots unless data reuse is evidenced. Author, "
"method, material, and research-program overlap remain disclosed separately."
),
"derivation_rule": (
"Apparent-support and counterevidence assertion keys are the unique assertion "
"endpoints of modeled support and rebuttal relations. Review/report keys are the "
"support endpoints whose own lineage has no data dimension; root counts are then "
"computed by independence_summary."
),
}
def write_candidate(candidate: dict[str, Any]) -> None:
CANDIDATE_PATH.write_text(
json.dumps(candidate, indent=2, sort_keys=True, ensure_ascii=False) + "\n",
encoding="utf-8",
)
def check_candidate(candidate: dict[str, Any]) -> None:
validate_dossier(candidate)
recorded = json.loads(CANDIDATE_PATH.read_text(encoding="utf-8"))
validate_dossier(recorded)
if canonical_json(recorded) != canonical_json(candidate):
raise SystemExit(f"generated candidate drift: run {Path(__file__).name} --write")
print(
json.dumps({"dossier_id": candidate["dossier_id"], **derived_counts(candidate)}, indent=2)
)
def main() -> None:
parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
mode = parser.add_mutually_exclusive_group(required=True)
mode.add_argument("--write", action="store_true")
mode.add_argument("--check", action="store_true")
args = parser.parse_args()
candidate = build_candidate()
if args.write:
write_candidate(candidate)
print(CANDIDATE_PATH)
else:
check_candidate(candidate)
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
Build receipt
Reproduce this projection
- Catalog
em:catalog:sha256:9bfc972213cba2cde167386103dc2c011ee74639fb7f0794c54120fbbdef1a5d- Frontier
em:frontier:sha256:f33be3eae4c75232d56750ef9a1aa79d96274ece3417d65a75c1391bf61a81bf- Accepted commit
f92846570180dfa4511263f8ba98ecd18f7772c9- Epistemic policy
commons-balanced-v0.1- Disclosure policy
public-noninterference-v0.1- Compiler
epistemedia/0.2.0